制度正义视域下城乡低保制度发展困境与原因探析

Analysis on the Difficulties and Causes of the Development of Urban and Rural Minimum Living Security System from the Perspective of Institutional Justice

最低生活保障是国家对全体居民供给的基本生活底线安全的救助制度,应体现国家和社会的制度正义性。我国最低生活保障制度经历了从传统的关怀式社会救助向保护公民基本权利的制度性社会救助的转换,经历了从城市居民最低生活保障制度的探索与发展到农村居民最低生活保障制度的建立与完善,进而实现了全社会低保制度的全覆盖。但我国农村最低生活保障制度的发展与城市相比仍然存在较大差距,存在着发展不充分和不均衡的困境。究其原因,主要有以下几个方面:城乡二元结构导致社会分化;城乡低保制度设计不合理;农村救助权利观及利益表达渠道欠缺;管理体系不健全;低保制度内部衔接困难;等等。

Minimum living security is a national rescue system for the basic lifeline of the entire population.It should reflect the institutional justice of the state and society.China's minimum living security system has undergone a transition from traditional caring social assistance to institutional social assistance to protect citizens'basic rights.It has experienced .the exploration and development of the minimum living security system for urban residents and the establishment of a minimum living security system for rural residents,and thus achieved the full coverage of the social security system.However,the development of China's rural minimum living security system still has a large gap compared with the city.There are dilemmas of inadequate development and imbalance.The reasons are mainly due to the.urban-rural dual structure leading to social differentiation,the irrational design of the urban and rural subsistence allowance system,the lack of rural assistance rights and the lack of interest expression channels,the imperfect management system,and the difficulty of internal integration of the subsistence allowance system.