论法律的合宪性审查机制

On Constitutionality Review Mechanism of Law

本文从现行宪法第5条所规定的法制统一性原则出发,指出法律与行政法规、地方性法规一样,都属于合宪性审查的对象,但与对行政法规、地方性法规合宪性审查制度设计不同的是,对行政法规、地方性法规的合宪性审查目前在立法法上有明确的程序和机制,但对法律的合宪性审查却缺少相应的程序与机制。本文从我国现行宪法所确立的人民代表大会制度的基本特征和要求出发认为在我国目前全国人大及其常委会享有国家立法权同时又能够修改宪法、解释宪法的体制下,法律的制定主体与法律合宪性审查主体之间具有同一性,因此,采用西方国家"对立"或"对抗"式的法律合宪性审查方式与我国党领导立法的政治体制不相吻合。在制度上唯一可行的办法就是充分发挥全国人大及其常委会自身内部监督机制的作用,特别是发挥全国人大宪法和法律委员会在保证法律合宪性方面的作用。在对法律的合宪性审查上只作出"相一致"或"不相一致"的审查结论,对于"不相一致"情形可以采取修改宪法或受审查的法律,或者是解释宪法或受审查的法律的方式进行相应处理,从而保证法律与宪法之间的高度一致性,维护宪法权威和法律自身的正当性。

This article starts from the principle of the unity of the legal system stipulated in Article 5 of the current Constitution,pointing out that the law is subject to the constitutional review as well as the administrative regulations and local regulations,but the difference can be found in the sphere of procedure and mechanism design that the constitutional review of administrative regulations and local regulations currently has clear procedures and mechanisms in the legislative law,but there is a lack of corresponding procedures and mechanisms for the constitutional review of the law.Starting from the basic characteristics and requirements of the people’s congress system established by China’s current Constitution,the author points out that under the current legislative system that the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee which can enjoy the legislative power of the country,amend the Constitution and interpret the Constitution,the enacting body of the law has the same identity with the subject of constitutional review.Therefore,the use of Western countries’ "contradictory" or "confrontational" legal constitutional review methods does not coincide with the political system of China’s party leadership legislation.The only feasible solution in the system is to give full play to the role of the NPC and its Standing Committee’s own internal supervision mechanism,especially to play the role of the NPC Constitution and Law Committee in ensuring the constitutionality of the law.In the review of the constitutionality of the law,the conclusions of "consistent" or "inconsistent" are only examined.For the case of "disagreement",the constitutional amendment or the law under review may be adopted,or the constitution or the law under review may be examined.The legal approach is handled accordingly to ensure a high degree of consistency between the law and the Constitution,and to maintain the authority of the Constitution and the legitimacy of the law itself.