管窥9—10世纪我国陶瓷贸易的域外中转港现象——以东南亚地区为焦点

The extraterritorial transit ports phenomenon of China's ceramic trade in the 9th-10th centuries: Focusing on Southeast Asia

9-10世纪时,我国海上对外贸易进入了第一个高峰时期,标志之一就是瓷器的大规模外销。其路线大致可分为两条:一条自东海、黄海至高丽、日本等国,另一条自南海至东南亚、印度及阿拉伯地区等处。关于后者,东南亚地区是一个重要的节点。当时在东南亚地区是否存在中国瓷器外销的中转港,学界众说纷纭。从爪哇海发现的黑石号、印坦和井里汶三条沉船出发,通过梳理相关文献及考古材料,可以认为9世纪前中期在东南亚可能并不存在中转港;9世纪末,在黄巢攻掠广州之后,中转港才得以逐渐形成,其地点很可能是文献记载的"箇罗国"。

The 9th and 10th centuries witnessed the first zenith of China's maritime foreign trade marked by the large scale export of porcelains.Two major trade routes were formed:one starting from the East China Sea,the Yellow Sea to Korea,Japan and other countries,and the other from the South China Sea to Southeast Asia,India and the Arab region,of the latter,Southeast Asia played an important role.Different academic opinions have been proposed regarding whether transit ports were used for China's porcelain exportation.By examining the remains of the three shipwrecks discovered in the Java Sea-the Belitung,the Intan,and the Cirebon--and the related archaeological data,this paper argues that during the early and middle parts of the 9th century the exported porcelains were shipped from China directly to the destinations without any transits and that it was until the end of the 9th century that transit ports,which were likely to be located in Geluo as documented in literature,were formed and used.