全国多中心腹部手术后手术部位感染的横断面研究

Surgical site infection following abdominal surgery in China:a multicenter cross-sectional study

目的了解全国范围内腹部手术后手术部位感染(SSI)的发生情况,并探讨其发生的影响因素。方法采用多中心横断面研究方法,收集30家医院2018年5月份所有接受腹部手术的成年患者的临床资料,包括患者的基本信息、围手术期的相关数据及切口微生物培养结果。主要结局指标为术后30d内SSI发生率。SSI根据美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)标准分为浅表切口感染、深部切口感染和器官(或间隙)感染。次要结局变量为ICU住院时间、术后住院时间、总住院时间、30d病死率及治疗费用。采用多因素Logistic回归分析SSI发生的风险因素。结果共纳入1666例腹部手术患者,分别来自:解放军东部战区总医院(263例)、青岛大学附属医院(140例)、南昌大学第一附属医院(108例)、解放军中部战区总医院(87例)、四川华西医院(77例)、广东省人民医院(74例)、湖南省郴州市第一人民医院(71例)、四川省自贡市第一人民医院(71例)、江苏省张家港第一人民医院(64例)、河南省南阳市中心医院(56例)、解放军联勤保障部队第940医院(56例)、山东省立医院(56例)、河南省商丘市第一人民医院(52例)、新疆自治区人民医院(52例)、湘雅二医院(48例)、解放军总医院(48例)、江苏省徐州医科大学附属医院(44例)、湖南省人民医院(38例)、广东省东莞康华医院(36例)、浙江省绍兴市中心医院(30例)、江苏省苏北人民医院(30例)、郑州大学第一附属医院(29例)、天津医科大学总医院(27例)、四川省自贡市第四人民医院(22例)、湖南省南华大学附属第二医院(21例)、华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院(18例)、四川省南充市中心医院(15例)、解放军联勤保障部队第九0一医院(12例)、湖南省肿瘤医院(11例)、兰州大学第二医院(10例)。全组男性1019例,女性647例,年龄(56.5±15.3)岁。术后80例(4.8%)患者发生SSI,其中浅表切口感染39例,深部切口感染16例,器官(或间隙)感染25例。大肠埃希菌是SSI的主要病原菌,其阳性率为32.5%(26/80)。与未发生SSI的患者相比,发生SSI的患者ICU入住率[38.8%(31/80)比13.9%(220,1586),P<0.001]、术后住院时间(中位数17d比7d,P<0.001)及总住院时间(中位数22d比13d,P<0.001)均显著延长,治疗费用也明显升高(中位数7.5万元比4.4万元,P<0.001)。多因素分析显示,男性(OR=2.110,95%CI:1.175~3.791,P=0.012)、术前血糖水平升高(OR=1.100,95%CI:1.012~1.197,P=0.026),手术时间(OR=1.006,95%CI:1.003~1.009,P<0.001)和手术切口等级(清洁-污染切口:OR=10.207,95%CI:1.369~76.120,P=0.023;污染切口:OR=10.617,95%CI:1.298~86.865,P=0.028;感染切口:OR=20.173,95%CI:1.768~230.121,P=0.016)是SSI发生的危险因素;而腹腔镜手术(OR=0.348,95%CI:0.192~0.631,P=0.001)和行机械肠道准备(OR=0.441,95%CI:0.221~0.879,P=0.020)是SSI发生的保护因素。结论我国腹部手术患者术后SSI发生率为4.8%,SSI可明显加重患者的医疗负担。术前控制患者血糖和进行机械肠道准备是预防SSI的重要措施。

Objective To determine the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after abdominal surgery and to further evaluate the related risk factors of SSI in China. Methods The multicenter cross-sectional study collected clinical data of all adult patients who underwent abdominal surgery from May 1, 2018 to May 31, 2018 in 30 domestic hospitals, including basic information, perioperative parameters, and incisional microbial culture results. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI within postoperative 30 days. SSI was classified into superficial incision infection, deep incision infection, and organ/gap infection according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. The secondary outcome variables were ICU stay, postoperative hospital stay, total hospital stay, 30-day mortality and treatment costs. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of SSI. Results A total of 1666 patients were enrolled in the study, including 263 cases of East War Zone Hospital of PLA, 140 cases of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 108 cases of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 87 cases of Central War Zone Hospital of PLA, 77 cases of West China Hospital, 74 cases of Guangdong General Hospital, 71 cases of Chenzhou First People′s Hospital, 71 cases of Zigong First People′s Hospital, 64 cases of Zhangjiagang First People′s Hospital, 56 cases of Nanyang City Central Hospital, 56 cases of Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, 56 cases of Shandong Provincial Hospital, 52 cases of Shangqiu First People′s Hospital, 52 cases of People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 48 cases of The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 48 cases of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 44 cases of Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 38 cases of Hunan Province People′s Hospital, 36 cases of Dongguan Kanghua Hospital, 30 cases of Shaoxing Central Hospital, 30 cases of Northern Jiangsu People′s Hospital, 29 vases of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 27 cases of General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 22 cases of Zigong Fourth People′s Hospital, 21 cases of The Second Hospital of University of South China, 18 cases of Tongji Hospital, 15 cases of Nanchong Central Hospital, 12 cases of The 901th Hospital of PLA, 11 cases of Hunan Cancer Hospital, 10 cases of Lanzhou University Second Hospital. There were 1019 males and 647 females with mean age of (56.5±15.3) years old. SSI occurred in 80 patients (4.8%) after operation, including 39 cases of superficial incision infection, 16 cases of deep incision infection, and 25 cases of organ/interstitial infection. Escherichia coli was the main pathogen of SSI, and the positive rate was 32.5%(26/80). Compared with patients without SSI, those with SSI had significantly higher ICU occupancy rate [38.8%(31/80) vs. 13.9%(220/1586), P<0.001], postoperative hospital stay (median 17 days vs. 7 days, P<0.001) and total hospital stay (median 22 days vs. 13 days, P<0.001), and significantly higher cost of treatment (median 75 000 yuan vs. 44 000 yuan, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that male rise (OR=2.110, 95%CI:1.175-3.791, P=0.012), preoperative blood glucose level rise(OR=1.100, 95%CI: 1.012-1.197, P=0.026), operative time (OR=1.006, 95%CI:1.003-1.009, P<0.001) and surgical incision grade (clean-contaminated incision :OR=10.207, 95%CI:1.369-76.120, P=0.023; contaminated incision: OR=10.617, 95%CI:1.298-86.865, P=0.028; infection incision: OR=20.173, 95%CI:1.768-230.121, P=0.016) were risk factors for SSI; and laparoscopic surgery (OR=0.348, 95%CI:0.192-0.631, P=0.001) and mechanical bowel preparation (OR=0.441,95%CI:0.221-0.879, P=0.020) were protective factors for SSI. Conclusions The incidence of postoperative SSI in patients with abdominal surgery in China is 4.8%. SSI can significantly increase the medical burden of patients. Preoperative control of blood glucose and mechanical bowel preparation are important measures to prevent SSI.