通与变:论杜预之“左传”学

Expressiveness and Variance: Du Yu's Study on Zuozhuan

综考《集解》,证之《释例》,杜预在学术理路上,原始要终、沿波讨源,论述了《春秋》由史而经的历史形成、《左传》本原《春秋》的经学特点、经传义例同体的传承关系。在诠释原则上,比类相从,随文解义,既以传系经,兼取《公羊》《谷梁》,突出传经的整体性,又荟萃名家,见其同异,突出经学发展的连贯性。在释经方法上,以传解经,注传明经,二者相互补充、相互发明;通过阐释义例、补充史实、训诂语词,既阐明其微言大义,又辨别同异,匡正讹误。在思想倾向上,经权合一,明于兴废,既从君、臣、民的三维关系上论述和谐政治秩序的建立,又从王度、政体、御民的三个层面上,论述了治国理政的谋略,具有鲜明的时代性。

Based on a comprehensive study of Zuozhuan Jijie and Shili, Du Yu discussed the historical formation of Chunqiu from the ancient history to Confucian classics, the characteristics of Confucian classics that Zuozhuan carried forward from Chunqiu and the inheritance of the same style between Confucian classics and the biographies. He interpreted classifications by comparison and notes were applied to interpret the texts. Du Yu not only connected the biography with Confucian classics, taking Gongyang and Guliang to highlight the integrity of the biography and Confucian classics, but also gathered famous scholars’ studies to detect their similarities and differences, highlighting the coherence of the development of Confucian classics. As for the interpretation method, the biography was applied to interpret and thoroughly understand Confucian classics. They complemented and promoted each other. By explaining the examples, supplementing historical facts and glossing words, Du Yu illustrated their potential meanings, and also identified similarities and differences and corrected errors. In terms of ideological tendencies, the combination of Confucian classics and political power was to thoroughly understand the success and failure of the different dynasties. Du Yu demonstrated the establishment of a harmonious political order on the three-dimensional relationship of the monarch, the minister and the people, and discussed the strategy of governing the country at the three levels: virtue and magnanimity of a king, regime and ruling of the people, with a distinctive character of that time.