密立根油滴实验的理论与误差分析

Theoretical and error analysis of Millikan's oil-drop experiment

密立根及其学生通过精心设计出的油滴实验首次以无可争辩的实验事实揭示出带电体的电荷量具有量子化的特征,并精确测定出基本电荷量值,成为物理学史上的一个经典实验,其对近现代物理学的发展具有重要的意义.密立根油滴实验数据的精度取决于油滴的选取,而实验教材只指出如何选择油滴,却未说明背后的物理原因.本文将该实验中的油滴作为研究对象,从实验的理论分析方面着手,进行细致的分析与解析推导,并结合实验误差分析,挖掘出油滴选取的物理内涵,为油滴的合理选取提供理论支持.

Millikan and his student designed the oil-drop experiment,which plays an important role in the history of physics,to reveal that magnitude of any charged bodies takes separation value,and determine magnitude of the electron’s change. Suitable choices for oil-drop will help us to improve the measuring accuracy. Some books about physical experiment provided choice rules,however it is not explained the reasons why we shall make that choices. In this paper,we focus on choice rules for the oil-drop experiment,and reveal the physical reasons by combining theoretical and error analysis. These results presented in this paper will provide theoretical support for choice rules of oil-drop.