错误与行为基础理论——对《澳门民法典》第245条的解释所引发的思考

Mistake and the doctrine of the foundation of the transaction—Reflections on the interpretation of Article 245 of the Macao Civil Code

《澳门民法典》第245条规定,如错误涉及构成法律行为基础之情事,则适用有关情事变更的规定撤销或变更有关法律行为。本文的目的即是对这一虽然短小但包含多个法律概念的条文进行解释。为此,本文从与本论题相关的一些案例出发,探讨不同时期的法学家为解决有关问题所持的契约必须履行、善意、衡平等核心价值,在这些原则的不断斗争和妥协下所形成的诸如情事不变条款、前提假设论、不可预期论、行为基础、合同落空理论、共同错误、风险分配等命题和话语,尤其是行为基础理论,以及对澳门立法有重大影响的各国所作出的不同立法选择,最后在此基础上提出对《澳门民法典》第245条的解释建议。

According to Article 245 of the Macao Civil Code,if a mistake involves a circumstance that is the foundation of a transaction,the provisions concerning the change of circumstances shall be applied to end or adapt the relevant transaction.The purpose of this paper is to explain this short but comprehensive article,which contains many legal concepts.For this reason,the present paper starts from some cases related to this topic and then discusses the core values that jurists of different periods hold in solving those related problems,such as Pacta Sunt Servanda,good faith and equity.Next,we examine doctrines such as Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus,Lehre vonder Voraussetzung, Theorie de L'Imprevision,Frustration,Common mistake,Allocation of Risks, and in particular,the doctrine of the foundation of the transaction (Geschaftsgrundlage).After consider as well as the different legislative choices made by various countries that have a significant influence on the legislation of Macao,we finally conclude with a suggestion on how to interpret and understand the Article 245of the Macao Civil Code.