论联合国军事维和人员犯罪的刑事管辖与豁免

On the Criminal Jurisdiction and Immunity of United Nations Military Peacekeepers

个别联合国维和人员在维和地区的犯罪损害了维和行动的声誉,受到国际社会的一致谴责。依法追究其刑事责任有助于严肃维和纪律、恢复联合国的形象、赢得当地的民心,并获得东道国对维和行动的支持和信赖。军事维和人员是维和人员最主要的组成部分。与东道国可以管辖的其他类别维和人员不同,派遣国对本国军事维和人员犯罪拥有专属管辖权,从而使其豁免于东道国的刑事管辖。军事维和人员在东道国享有的刑事管辖豁免成为东道国对其进行追诉的法律障碍。由于缺乏监督和制约派遣国行使管辖权的有效机制,惩治军事维和人员犯罪的管辖权制度存在缺陷。应限制军事维和人员享有的刑事管辖豁免,其私人行为构成的犯罪由东道国管辖。此外,还可采用由国际刑事法院管辖部分罪行,以及在东道国进行实地审判等方法,解决军事维和人员犯罪派遣国专属管辖的困境。

Individual crimes of the United Nations peacekeepers in host countries damaged the reputation of peacekeeping operations.They were unani- mously condemned by the international community.Pursuing criminal responsibility on them can help to restore the image of the United Nations,rectify peacekeeping discipline,and win the hearts of the local people and host countries'supports and trusts.Military peacekeepers are the most important components of peacekeepers.Unlike other categories of peacekeepers,the sending country has exclusive jurisdiction over the crimes committed by its military peacekeepers.It becomes a legal obstacle to prosecute military peacekeepers in the host country,because they enjoy full exemption from criminal jurisdiction of hosting countries.What is more,the lack of effective mechanisms for supervision and restriction on sending countries in the active exercise of jurisdiction cause defects in the jurisdiction system of punishing criminal mili- tary peacekeepers.The criminal jurisdiction immunity enjoyed by the military peacekeepers should be limited,and the crimes arising from their private conducts should be subject to the jurisdiction of the host countries.Moreover,ways like letting the International Criminal Court govern part of the crimes and setting field trials in the host country could solve the plight of the exclusive jurisdiction of contributing States.