人如何从数字化课程中学习?

How Do People Learn from e-Courses?

当下,技术如何应用于教学和学习是教育领域的重要议题。克拉克和梅耶认为,目前存在两种应用取向:一是技术中心取向,这种取向过分关注最新技术的作用,忽略了学习者的作用;作者赞同另一种以学习者中心的取向,在这一取向下,学习者的学习过程成为焦点,技术则是为了更有效地辅助,以促进创造性学习。本文正是基于学习者中心取向,审视了数字化学习的机制,以期为技术的理性运用提供思路。学习是由经验引起的学习者知识的变化。学习存在三种隐喻,即学习的反应强化观、信息获取观和知识建构观。其中,学习的知识建构观最值得关注,它以双重通道、容量有限和主动加工原理为基础,而学习者面临的挑战是在学习中管控有限的认知资源。因此,数字化课程的设计要指导学习者选择重要信息,管控工作记忆有限容量,促进整合、提取和迁移。

At present,how technology is applied to teaching and learning is an important issue in the field of education.Clark and Mayer point out that there are two approaches of application:one is the technology-centered approach,which focuses too much on the role of the latest technology,and ignores the role of learner;they admire another approach,the learner-center approach,which focuses on how people learn,where technology is to promote creative learning more effectively.Taking a learner-centered approach,this article examines what works in e-learning,in order to provide some insights for the rational use of technology.Learning is a change in the learner's knowledge due to experience,and there are three metaphors for learning,that is the response-strengthening view,the information-acquisition view and the knowledge-construction view,which is most strongly focused on.The knowledge-construction view is based on three principles of dual channels,limited capacity and active processing.The challenge for the learner is to manage limited cognitive resources during learning,therefore,e-lessons should direct learners to select important information,manage limited capacity in working memory, and facilitate to integrate,retrieve and transfer knowledge.