卢梭教育思想的实践形态:英国夏山学校

The Practice form of Rousseau's Educational Idea:Summerhill School

卢梭倡导的自然主义教育在西方教育史上具有深远的"地标性"意义,但长久以来不管在西方还是我国,它却主要仅以"思想形态"而非"实践形态"存在。英国夏山学校与卢梭思想之间虽并无直接显性渊源,但细察之下实属一所隐藏态的"卢梭式学校"。夏山学校对儿童自由的坚决捍卫为卢梭自然主义教育的实施提供了必需平台;夏山学校打造丰富环境实施"事物的教育"并降低"书本的教育",此举与卢梭的主张高度相合;夏山学校的"学生民主大会"有效解决了自然主义教育下儿童的自律问题。通过夏山学校百年办学这一实践路径考察卢梭自然主义教育思想,将不仅有助于回答一些实践关切,同时亦将深化一些理论探讨。

The naturalist education advocated by Rousseau has profound "landmark" significance in the history of western education.Regrettably it existed mainly in "theoretic form"rather than "practice form"for a very long time not only in Western countries but also in China.Although there is no any direct relationship between Summerhill school and Rousseau's educational idea,we can still find that Summerhill school is really full of many elements of Rousseau's educational thoughts if we survey it carefully.Firstly,Summerhill school emphasizes and defends on children freedom highly which in fact provides the necessary and very important platform for naturalist education;Secondly,Summerhill school provides rich environment and facilities for students to implement the "things education"while reducing and weakening "book education"and this is exactly what Rousseau promoted greatly;Thirdly,Summerhill school has launched "student democracy meeting"which solve effectively the problem of children's self-discipline.We believe that investigation and review on Summerhill school's educational practice of almost one hundred years will not only help to answer some practical concerns but also deepen some theoretical discussions about Rousseau's naturalism education thoughts.