收入不平等的创业效应研究

On the Entrepreneurial Effect of Income Inequality

目前有关收入不平等与创业活动之间关系的研究并不多,且往往忽视了收入不平等的"程度"和"结构"问题。根据Ferreira和Gignoux(2011)等提出的非参数方法,按照来源性质的不同将我国省级层面的收入不平等分解为努力不平等和机会不平等,分析并实证检验其对创业活动的影响。基于2008年～2013年多轮中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据的研究结果表明:机会不平等对个体创业活动具有显著促进作用;努力不平等与创业活动之间呈现"∽"型关系,即随着努力不平等程度的上升,个体创业概率表现出先下降后上升而后再下降的趋势。进一步的研究表明,机会不平等对"老板"型创业和"个体户"型创业影响均较为显著,而努力不平等仅对"个体户"型创业影响显著;且努力不平等和机会不平等对创业活动的影响存在较为显著的家庭背景、受教育程度和性别的异质性。在"大众创业、万众创新"的社会背景下,这一研究不仅有助于深入理解收入不平等影响创业活动的作用机理,而且可为政府优化创业环境、促进创业活动提供学术支撑。

There are few studies on the relationship between income inequality and entrepreneurial activities,and the "degree"and "structure"of income inequality is usually neglected. Based on the non-parametric method proposed by Ferreira and Gignoux( 2011),this paper decomposes the income inequality at the provincial level in China into effort inequality and opportunity inequality according to the different source nature,and analyzes and empirically tests its impact on the entrepreneurial activity. Based on the China’s General Social Survey( CGSS) data from 2008-2013,it is found that opportunity inequality has a significant role in promoting individual entrepreneurial activities; there is a "∽"relationship between effort inequality and entrepreneurial activity,which means that as the degree of effort inequality increases,the probability of individual entrepreneurship shows a trend of first decline,then rise and then decrease. Further analysis shows that opportunity inequality has a significant impact on "boss"entrepreneurship and "individual household"entrepreneurship,while effort inequality only has a significant impact on the "individual household"entrepreneurship. Moreover,there is a significant heterogeneity regarding family background,educational level and gender in the impact of effort inequality and opportunity inequality on entrepreneurial activities. Under the social background of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation",this study not only helps to understand the mechanism of the impact of income inequality on entrepreneurial activities,but also provides academic support for the government to optimize the entrepreneurial environment and promote entrepreneurial activities.