山西省苹果施肥现状调查

Evaluation of the Situation of Fertilization in Apple Fields in Shanxi Province

以山西省黄土高原优势苹果主产区晋中、运城、临汾三地果农为研究对象,对3市22个县230户盛果期果园施肥和土壤养分现状进行了调查,并对数据进行了分析和评价,以期了解山西省苹果施肥现状和土壤养分盈余情况。结果表明:山西省晋中、运城、临汾用有机肥施用农户分别占65.0%、89.0%、95.0%,全省平均89.0%;化肥氮磷钾用量从晋中、运城到临汾呈逐渐递增趋势;全省化学氮磷钾投入适量的农户分别占到16.1%、17.4%、17.9%。三地农户氮磷钾投入差别较大,过量施肥农户从运城、晋中到临汾逐渐递增,临汾产区农户最多。分析全省果园土壤养分数据,有机质含量1.07%、全氮含量0.09%、有效磷含量25.2mg·kg^(-1)、速效钾含量305mg·kg^(-1),可见土壤有机质含量极低,全氮含量属于中级水平,有效磷含量属于高级水平,尤其速效钾含量的土壤残留超高。全省有机肥投入有所改善,化肥氮磷钾全面过量现象严重,尤其土壤钾素盈余问题最突出。临汾产区超量农户比例和用量最多,是山西省过量施肥最严重的产区。

To evaluate fertilization status in apple orchard and soil nutrient balance in Shanxi Province, investigations on basic conditions of soil nutrients and managements of fertilizer in about 230 apple orchards in twenty-two counties in Jinzhong,Yuncheng and Linfen city,which were recognized as the main areas for apple productions in Shanxi,were conducted.The data were analyzed and estimated. The results showed that the percentages of manure application in Jinzhong,Yuncheng and Linfen were 65.0%,89.0% and 95.0%,with a average value of 89.0%.The content amount of chemical fertilizer input increased in this order,Jinzhong<Yuncheng<Linfen.The percentage of orchards with excess chemial fertilization were 16.1%,17.4%and 17.9%.The amounts of chemical fertilization were different among three cities.The proportion of orchards with excess chemical fertilizer input followed as Yuncheng<Jinzhong<Linfen.The average value of soil organic matter,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in apple orchard were 1.07%,0.09%,25.2mg·kg^-1,and 305mg·kg^-1,respectively.Soil organic matter content was very low,whereas soil available potassium content was much too high in Shanxi apple orchard.The manure input of apple orchard in Shanxi Province increased.The problem of excessive N,P and K fertilization was very serious,especially the K fertilizer input.The problem in Linfen producing unit was the most serious,with the largest fertilization amount and the largest percentage of excess fertilization orchards.