中国育成的梨品种(系)系谱分析

Pedigree Analysis of Pear Varieties(Lines)Bred in China

为全面了解中国梨的育种成果,系统收集并分析了1949—2018年中国报道育成的327个梨品种(含品系,下同),并绘制了以主要品种为亲本育成品种的系谱关系图。育成的梨品种中,杂交品种最多(207个,63.30%),其他依次是芽变品种(70个,20.41%)、实生选育品种(41个,12.54%)和诱变品种(9个,2.75%)。根据品种特性分类,育成品种中抗黑星病品种最多(134个,占40.98%),其次是抗寒品种(91个,27.83%)和耐贮品种(84个,25.69%)。果实成熟期明确的265个品种中,早熟、中熟和晚熟品种分别占25.28%、43.77%和30.95%。分析亲本来源明确的301个品种,发现这些品种由137个亲本育成,包括49个国内地方品种,44个国外引进品种和44个衍生品种,其中‘苹果梨’的衍生品种最多(66个),其次为‘二十世纪’(57个)、‘鸭梨’(43个)、‘茌梨’(36个)、‘砀山酥梨’(21个)和‘库尔勒香梨’(14个)。通过系谱分析发现,不同地理来源或者植物学性状差异较大的亲本组合选育出的杂种后代具有较强的杂种优势。

To comprehensively understand the Chinese pear breeding achievements,we have systematically collected and analyzed the Chinese pear varieties(including lines)bred independently during 1949—2018,and drawn the pedigree trees of varieties,which were bred using partial main varieties as parents. Till now,a total of 327 pear varieties bred in China have been reported,mostly are hybrid varieties(207,63.30%),others are bud sports(70,20.41%),seedling selection varieties(41,12.54%) and mutation varieties (9,2.75%),respectively. According to the varied characteristics,varieties with scab resistance were the most(134,40.98%),the number of varieties with cold resistance and storability were 91(27.83%)and 84(25.69%),respectively. According the reported fruit maturity of 265 varieties,which can be separated into 3 classes,including early,medium and late maturity,their percentage was 25.28%, 43.77% and 30.95%,respectively. Three hundred and one varieties with known parents have been analyzed,the results revealed that these varieties were bred by 137 direct parental varieties,including 49 Chinese landraces,44 abroad varieties and 44 derived varieties,and the‘Pingguoli’derived varieties were the most(66),followed by‘Nijisseiki’(57),‘Yali’(43),‘Chili’(36),‘Dangshansuli’(21) and‘Kuerlexiangli’(14). As a result,the hybrid varieties originated from parents with different geographical or botanical characteristics usually exist with much higher heterosis.