树木吸收利用深层土壤水的特征与机制:对人工林培育的启示

Characteristics and underlying mechanisms of plant deep soil water uptake and utilization: Implication for the cultivation of plantation trees

根系吸水是树木水分关系的重要环节,在树木生理活动中发挥着至关重要的作用。深层土壤中的水资源含量一般相对较高,常可为树木生长供给大量水分,并在旱季保障其生存与正常生长。因此,了解树木对深层土壤水的吸收利用特征与机制,可帮助深入认识树木与环境的互作机制、树木的生长与生存策略、物种间的共存与竞争机制等内容,同时还可帮助构建既能降低外部水资源投入,又能避免水分生态环境负面效应的人工林绿色栽培制度。基于已有研究,该文对树木吸收利用深层土壤水的特征与机制进行了综述。首先,探讨了深层根系和深层土壤的界定,指出对于除寒温带针叶林以外的其他主要森林植被类型,可以1m作为树木深根系和深土层的平均划分(参考)标准,并明确了全球范围内树木深根系的成因。其次,对已有研究中观察到的树木对深层土壤水的吸收利用特征及其影响因素进行了归纳与总结,并从深根系性状调节、整株水力特性协调两方面探讨了树木高效吸收利用深层土壤水的机制,如可通过深根系的空间、时间和效率调节策略来促进对深土层水分的吸收。最后,提出了树木利用深土层水分对人工林培育的几点启示,包括水分管理中应使林木适度利用深层土壤水,选用合适的灌水频率、合理的树种混交能促进深层土壤水分储库“缓冲”作用的发挥,基于树木土壤水分利用深度的间伐木选择技术等,并指出了该领域现有研究的不足以及今后的发展方向。

Root water uptake is an essential part of tree water relations and plays a crucial role in tree physiological activities.Water resource in deep soil is relatively abundant and can provide plenty of water to trees to guarantee their survival and healthy growth during dry seasons.Thus,a good comprehension of the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of deep soil water uptake and utilization by trees will deepen the understanding of the interaction between trees and the environment,tree survival and growth strategies,coexistence and competition among different species,etc.This knowledge is important:in establishing green cultivation schemes for plantations,which depend less on the external water resources input and avoid the adverse effects on the water ecological environment.From existing studies,the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of deep water uptake and utilization by trees are reviewed.Firstly,the definition of deep roots and deep soil is discussed,and 1m depth is recommended as the average (reference) definition standard in main forest vegetation types except the boreal forest. The reasons for the formation of deep tree roots around the globe were also determined. Secondly,the observed deep soil water uptake characteristics of trees and their influencing factors are summarized. Then,from the aspects of the adjustment of deep root traits and the coordination of hydraulic traits of different organs, the mechanisms of deep water uptake by trees are discussed. For example, the spatial, temporal and efficiency adjustment strategies of deep roots can be used to facilitate the absorption of deep soil water. Finally, some implications of deep soil water uptake for the cultivation of plantations are proposed, such as “for water management in plantations, trees should be induced to moderately utilize some deep soil water and an appropriate irrigation frequency should be selected”, “appropriate mixed planting of different tree species can facilitate the buffering effect of deep soil water storage”, “developing techniques of selecting trees for thinning based on the water uptake depths of different species”, etc. Deficiencies of existing studies and some future research directions were also pointed out.