公民与私人:马克思早期人学思想的双重向度及其辩证关系

Citizen and Private Person:On the Double Dimension of Marx's Early Political Anthropology and the Basis of its Metaphysics

1841—1844年是马克思思想转变的关键时期,他吸收和超越了黑格尔法哲学和青年黑格尔派而逐步形成了自己的理论特色。其中,马克思1843年所写的《黑格尔法哲学批判》《论犹太人问题》《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中还蕴含着丰富的人学思想,而这一阶段人学思想的双重焦点就是公民与私人,并以此构成现实人的双重向度。梳理马克思这一时期的著述文献,不难发现其人学思想的理论逻辑,即从抽象人格转向现实的人,从公民转向私人,从而完成了从政治批判转向经济批判的人学思想的最初转型。但是,马克思强调私人重要性的同时并没有偏废公民人的价值和意义,而是强调公民与私人结合的感性的法人,也即自在且自为的人,是人的本质的最终实现。马克思早期的这一人学思想初步建起了日后人学理论的内在逻辑,形成了独特的人学思想底色,影响了其后人学思想的发展。

It was a crucial period for the transformation of Marx's thoughts from 1841 to 1884.He absorbed and transcended Hegel's philosophy of law and the young Hegelians so that he gradually formed his own theoretical characteristics.Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right,On Jewish Issues and A Contribution to Hegel' s Legal Philosophy written by Marx in 1843 also convey rich humanistic thoughts.The dual focus on human thoughts is citizens and privates,which thus constitutes the dual dimension of the real human being.Combing Marx's writings in this period of literature,it is not difficult to find that the theoretical logic of human thought has experienced from the abstract personality to the reality person and from citizens into privates,which means the original transformation of the human thought from political criticism to economic one.However, Marx emphasizes the importance of private without the ignorance of citizens'value and significance,while he emphasizes a sensible legal person as the integration of citizenship with private people.Such persons are selfsufficient and self-contained,which means the ultimate realization of human being's essence.This early humanistic thought of Marx initially established the inner logic of human theory in the future,and formed a unique background of human thought,which has impact on the development of later human thoughts.