一种基于权利原则之上的政治理论——论洛克的政治哲学

A Political Theory Based on the Principle of Rights——On Locke's Political Philosophy

洛克之所以能够成为近代"自由主义政治理论"之父,根本上就在于他一方面以自然法去理解与设定自然状态,另一方面从权利角度去理解和阐释自然法。因此,他的"自然状态学说"既是对自然法的展示,同时也是对(自由)权利的证明。在洛克的自然状态学说里,自由权不仅是个体保障自身安全的一道屏障,也是防止共同体陷入战争的一道屏障。洛克据此不仅明确地确立起了权利原则,而且自觉地以权利原则为基础去确立政治共同体的合法性来源及其界限。由此,洛克开辟了一个"权利的时代"。

The reason why Locke can become the father of modern"liberal political theory"is basically that he understands and sets the natural state by natural law on the one hand, and understands and interprets the natural law from the perspective of rights on the other hand. Therefore, his"theory of natural state"is not only a display of natural law, but also a proof of(freedom) rights. In his theory of natural state, the right of freedom is not only a guarantee for individuals to ensure their own security, but also a guarantee to prevent the community from falling into war. In this way, Locke not only clearly established the principle of rights, but also established the source and boundaries of legitimacy for the political community based on the principle of rights consciously. As a result, Locke opened up an"era of rights".