改革开放以来的地方环境立法:类型界分、深圳经验与雄安展望

Local Environmental Legislation since China's Reform and Opening Up:Type Classification, Shenzhen Experience and Outlook for Xiong'an

回顾改革开放40周年以来的地方环境立法,可以发现其先后经历了缓慢起步、数量激增、瓶颈低质到新时代全面起步四个阶段。在这个过程中,地方环境立法取得了较大的成就,但从类型化的视角来看,仍存在执行型立法重复、滞后、虚化,填补型立法空间不足、认知偏差、特色不足和试验型立法技术不足、逆向选择、公众参与不够的问题。改革开放40年,深圳的地方环境立法可谓成绩斐然,分析其环境立法样态,可以总结出其执行型立法落地高效,填补型立法特色鲜明,试验型立法创新驱动力强、公众参与度高等立法经验。借鉴深圳经验,结合雄安新区发展定位及历史现实条件,可以对其环境立法做出地方环境制度"法典化"的形式设计,并以执行型环境规则设计为内容,佐以相应填补型环境制度创新为亮点,进而建立起完整高效的雄安新区环境保护地方立法体系。

Looking back on the local environmental legislation since the reform and opening up forty years ago,we can find it has gone through four stages of slow start,rapid increase in number,low-quality bottleneck period and comprehensive startup in the new era.In this process,local environmental legislation has made great achievements. However,from a typological point of view,it has the problems of repetition,delay and failure of executive legislation, insufficient space,cognitive bias,and lack of characteristics of gap-filling legislation,inadequate technology,adverse selection and insufficient public participation in experimental legislation.After 40years of reform and opening-up, Shenzhen has made giant strides in environmental legislation.By analyzing its environmental legislation,we conclude that its executive legislation is effective,its gap-filling legislation has distinctive features,its experimental legislation is strongly innovation-driven,and its public is highly engaged in legislation process.Drawing on the experience of Shenzhen and taking into account the development orientation of Xiong'an New District and its historical and realistic conditions, we can design a local environmental legislation in the form of "codification"with the design of the executive environmental rules as the content and corresponding innovative gap-filling legislation as the highlight so as to establish a complete and efficient local legislative system for environmental protection in Xiong'an New Area.