RANK信号调控破骨细胞分化与成熟的研究进展

Research progress on the role of RANK signaling in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation and maturation

破骨细胞来源于微环境造血前体细胞,它的生存、增殖、分化和激活需要巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)和核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)参与。RANKL与相应的RANK受体结合,从而刺激破骨前体细胞分化成为破骨细胞。这一过程由不同的调节蛋白和激酶来调控,并且依赖于RANKL-RANK信号。本文中,笔者总结了目前已知的在破骨细胞发生过程中调节RANK信号的机制。在早期阶段,RANK信号的调节通过募集调节蛋白如肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, TRAF6),引起丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs)以及转录因子核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)和激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1, AP-1)的活化。活化的NF-κB进一步激活调节破骨细胞生成的重要因子-T细胞核因子1(nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1, NFATc1)。在信号传递的中间阶段,共刺激信号通过激活磷脂酶Cγ2(phospholipase Cγ2, PLCγ2)连同c-Fos/AP-1引起钙离子(Ca^(2+))振荡,同时Ca^(2+)信号促进NFATc1的产生。在破骨细胞生成的晚期阶段,NFATc1入核诱导大量的破骨细胞特异性靶基因的表达,从而使细胞融合并发挥其功能。

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that are derived from hematopoietic precursor cells and require macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) for their survival, proliferation, differentiation and activation. The binding of RANKL to its receptor RANK triggers osteoclast precursors to differentiate into osteoclasts. This process depends on RANKL-RANK signaling, which is temporally regulated by various adaptor proteins and kinases. Here we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate RANK signaling during osteoclastogenesis. In the early stage, RANK signaling is mediated by recruiting adaptor molecules such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which leads to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Activated NF-κB induces the nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), which is the key osteoclastogenesis regulator. In the intermediate stage of signaling, the co-stimulatory signal induces Ca2+ oscillation via activated phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) together with c-Fos/AP-1, wherein Ca2+ signaling facilitates the robust production of NFATc1. In the late stage of osteoclastogenesis, NFATc1 translocates into the nucleus where it induces numerous osteoclast-specific target genes that are responsible for cell fusion and function.