从传统到现代的高等农业教育——兼论中国“新农科”教育

Higher Agricultural Education from Tradition to Modernization——Proposal for China's Neo-Agriculture Education

世界高等农业教育约有250年历史,经历创立、兴盛和重构三个发展时期,是高等教育组织适应社会需求的产物。文艺复兴和宗教改革对旧大学的批判,启蒙运动和第一次产业革命对新型人才的需求,催生了欧洲早期的农业专门学院;近代科学革命向生物学领域的延伸和第二次产业革命,促进了美国赠地农学院的建构和大学化;第三次产业革命和可持续发展理念,重构了世界高等农业教育系统。中国近现代高等农业教育有100余年历史,可分为三个时期:晚清至民国的综合化时期,1952年全国院系调整后的专门化时期和改革开放后的多样化时期。中国在实施"乡村振兴战略"时,应面向经济全球化和正在兴起的第四次产业革命,探索实施"新农科"教育。

The higher agricultural education in the world has a history about 250 years. It has gone through three development stages: creation, prosperity and reconstruction when the higher education organization met the needs of society development. The critiques on the old universities during the process of the Renaissance and the Reformation, as well as the demand for new talents from the Enlightenment and the First Industrial Revolution, hastened the establishment of early special agricultural colleges in Europe. The extension of the modern Scientific Revolution to the biology field and the Second Industrial Revolution promoted the construction and universalization of Land-grant agricultural college in United States. The Third Industrial Revolution and the concept of sustainable development reconstructed the higher agricultural education system in the world. The modern higher agricultural education in China has a history of more than 100 years and can be divided into three periods: the comprehensiveness period from late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the specialization period after the national adjustment of colleges and departments in 1952,and the diversification period after Economic Reform and Opening up. It is necessary for China to explore and practice "Neo-Agriculture Education" during the implementing of "Rural Revitalization Strategy", in order to adapt to the economic globalization and the emerging of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.