《民法总则》第134条第2款“决议行为”之探析

Legal Analysis of “Resolutions by a Mass Organization” in Clause 2 of Article 134 of the General Provisions of Civil Law

我国《民法总则》第134条第2款首次将"决议行为"作为一种独立的民事法律行为类型纳入立法规定当中。与合同、共同行为相比,决议行为在主要适用领域、意思的形成和表达方向、调整的法律关系、效力范围等方面都有其显著特性。基于决议行为是由成员人数众多的团体作出的,考虑到效率价值,其意思形成仅要求人数或资本"多数决",与一般民事法律行为成立的意思一致相比较为宽松,因此正义价值对决议行为在形成程序、成员表决意思、"少数者"的权益救济提出了更高要求,以促使决议行为的意思在最大程度上符合所有成员的共同意愿。我国立法也对决议行为的主要表现形态,包括决议事项、决议程序、决议主体等进行了明确规定。尽管决议行为的意思形成有其特殊性,但其生效要件与一般民事法律行为具有一致性。不过,在效力瑕疵类型上,《民法总则》第六章第四节只是明确规定了无效和可撤销两种,在此应借鉴《公司法》司法解释四确认的决议不成立之诉,将决议行为不成立这一效力瑕疵类型理解为现行《民法总则》立法框架下的默示性规定,确定决议行为不成立、无效、可撤销的"三分法"格局。另外,决议行为作为团体内部行为,它的成立、生效与否不影响善意第三人的利益。

Our General Civil Law for the first time regards resolutions by a mass organization as an independent type of legal acts.Compared with contracts and joint acts,the resolution by a mass organization shows features in the application coverage, intension formation and expression,legal relations,effectiveness and so on.Because the mass organization consists of many members,the establishment of it resolution is based upon consent of the majority of members for the efficiency value,which is different from other legal acts' agreement of all parties.Therefore,the value of justice puts forward higher requests on it formation procedure,each member's will and the minority of members'rights and interest rescue,so as to be close to the common will of all members at the extreme.Our legislation also explicitly stipulates main performances of resolution by a mass organization,including the content, procedure,subject and so on.Although the resolution has its own features,it reaches consensus with other legal acts as to the effect elements.However,on the effectiveness defects,section 4 of chapter 6 in our General Civil Law only regulates two types:invalid and revocable acts.It is necessary to learn from the unestablished corporate resolution in the 4th judicial interpretation of Corporation Law,and this type of effectiveness defect is allowed by current legislation.Besides,the resolution is an organization's inner act.Its effectiveness defects cannot affect interests of a third person in good faith.