乡关何处:上海“五反”运动中的工商界上层

Where to Go: The Upper Class of Industrial and Commercial Circles in Shanghai Five Antis Movement

"五反"运动是中华人民共和国成立初期政府发动的旨在规范不法资产阶级的政治运动,为工商业的社会主义改造创造了条件。在运动中,政府与工商界上层人士的互动较为复杂。从总体上看,政府对工商界上层人士以团结为主,批评为辅,策略较为灵活,但在交互运用团结与批评两种手段时,难以恰当地把握界限,使工商界上层人士无所适从。工商界上层人士因对运动的认识不同、代际差异、经济社会地位差别等而采取不同的策略。青年工商业者政治热情高,相对熟悉政府政策,能够积极投入运动;而中老年工商业者由于受制于传统价值观念和商业模式,对政府政策了解不够,往往多有疑虑,因此代际冲突与调整贯穿运动始终。直至运动后期,政府将工商界上层分而治之,推动有产有业者坦白检举,无产无业者思想改造,运动才得以有效控制,工商界上层与政府的互动才较为规范,而退财补税和体制调整事实上为通往社会主义改造铺平了道路。

The Five Antis Movement was a political movement launched by the government of the PRC in the early days to regulate the illegal bourgeoisie and created conditions for the socialist transformation of industry and commerce. In the movement,the interaction between the government and the upper class of industrial and commercial circles was complicated. It was not until the late period of the campaign that the Government separated and ruled the upper class of the industrial and commercial circles,and urged the industrialists to report the matter frankly,and the unemployed without property to receive ideological transformation,was the only way to control the movement effectively. Tax rebates and system adjustments actually paved the way to socialist transformation.