从东亚海域到东南海疆——明清之际台湾战略地位的演化

From East Asian Seas to South-eastern Territorial Seas: The Evolution of Taiwan's Strategic Position during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

从东亚海域与东南海疆的双重视角,较长时段地展示明清之际台湾战略地位演变的历史脉络,有一个双向演进与交互演化的历史过程。一是从世界史的角度看,台湾是东亚海域的海盗据点与国际商贸转运站。明清之际的东亚海域,首先是中国与日本之间各种政治经济势力角逐的舞台。新航路开辟以后,欧人势力东来,尤其荷兰人与西班牙人曾经盘踞台湾南、北作为海盗式商贸据点,使台湾作为东亚海域国际商贸转运站的地位得以强化。二是从中国史的角度看,台湾又是中国东南海疆的门户与屏藩。早在明朝中后期,已把台湾纳入中国东南海疆国防防区范围之内。随后,郑成功驱荷复台,使台湾成为南明王朝的海疆要地;康熙统一台湾,进一步强化了台湾作为中国东南海疆门户与屏藩的战略地位。只有在明清易代之际,尤其是在康熙统一台湾之后,才使台湾的战略地位实现了交互演化的复杂进程:完成从东亚海域的海盗据点与国际商贸转运站到中国东南海疆的门户与屏藩的根本转变。

From the dual perspective of East Asian seas and South-eastern territorial seas,the historical context of Taiwan's strategic position is presented in a long period of time during the Ming and Qing dynasties,and there is a historical process of bidirectional and interactive evolution.From the perspective of world history, Taiwan is the base for pirates and the international trade transfer station in East Asian seas.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,the East Asian seas was a stage where various political and economic forces compete between China and Japan.After new sea routes opened,and with the coming of European powers especially the Dutch and Spanishwho once occupied the south and north of Taiwan as a base for pirates trading,Taiwan's role as an international trade transfer station in the East Asian seas was reinforced.From the perspective of Chinese history,Taiwan is also the gateway and barrier of South-eastern territorial seas.As early as the mid- to-late Ming dynasty,Taiwan was included in the national defense area of South-eastern territorial seas. When Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan,Taiwan was turned into a maritime frontier of the Nan Ming dynasty.After Emperor Kangxi's campaign for unification of Taiwan,Taiwan's strategic position was further strengthened.Only in the period of dynasty change from Ming to Qing,especially after Emperor Kangxi's campaign for unification of Taiwan,did Taiwan's strategic position experience a complex process of interactive evolution a fundamental transformation from a base for pirates trade and an international trade transfer station in the East Asian seas to the gateway and barrier of South-eastern territorial seas.