再论矿区生态系统恢复重建

Rethink on Ecosystem Restoration and Rehabilitation of Mining Areas

研究目的:基于"山水林田湖草生命共同体"的理念,剖析国土空间矿区生态系统恢复重建的目标、对象、方法、途径。研究方法:"理论方法—工程技术—试验示范—标准规程—监测监管—推广应用"互逆研究范式。研究结果:(1)从生态系统结构与功能角度,将矿区生态系统演变划分为三个阶段、四种类型、三个过程,以及不同恢复重建方案对效益的影响;(2)从技术经济角度佐证原脆弱生态系统、极度退化生态系统、不可逆转生态系统、重建生态系统正向演替与逆向演替的可能;(3)从地上光温资源、地表水土资源和地下矿产资源变化角度,将矿区生态系统演变划分为极不稳定生态系统、不稳定生态系统、低稳定生态系统、高稳定生态系统4种模式;(4)通过大量的实践,在系统诊断矿区生态系统受损特征与恢复重建的学科支撑基础上,提出并验证了矿区"地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、景观重现、生物多样性重组与保护"的土地复垦与生态修复实现途径;(5)讨论了矿区生态恢复重建研究具有普适意义、提供中国方案的国情差异认知、学科交叉认知、规划决策认知和环境规制认知。研究结论:为国土空间矿区生态系统恢复重建提供理论依据和指导。

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the objectives,objects,methods and approaches of ecosystem restoration in mining areas in territorial space based on the concept of “ecological safety of mountains,rivers,forest,farmland,lakes and grassland”.The methods of reciprocal research paradigm regarding “theoretical approachengineering and technology-demonstration-standard protocol-monitoring and regulation-application” were used.The results show that:1)from the perspective of ecosystem structure and function,the ecosystem evolution of mining areas was divided into three stages,four types,and three processes,and the cost-benefit analysis of different restoration schemes was conducted;2)the possibility of forward and reverse evolution of the original fragile ecosystem,extremely degraded ecosystem,irreversible ecosystem and the reconstructed ecosystem were testified from the technical and economic perspectives;3)from the perspective of the changes of above-ground light and temperature resources,surface water and soil resources and underground mineral resources,the evolution of mining area ecosystems were divided into four patterns:super- unsustainable development,unsustainable development,low-level sustainable development,and high-level sustainable development;4)based on the systematic diagnosis of the ecosystem damage characteristics through a large number of practices and the discipline support of restoration,a “five phase” theory for mining area restoration,landform reconstruction,soil reconstruction,vegetation reconstruction,landscape representation,biodiversity reconstruction and protection,was proposed and verified;5)the universal significance of ecological restoration in mining areas,national differences cognition,cross-disciplinary cognition,planning decision-making cognition,and environmental regulation cognition were discussed.In conclusion,this paper provides theoretical basis and guidance for the ecosystem restoration in mining areas of territorial space.