春秋卿大夫与“国人”的内涵变迁

The Influence of the Qing Da-fu on the Change of the Connotation of “Guo-ren” in the Spring and Autumn Period

春秋时期的"国人",指春秋伦理秩序中的卿、大夫、士,士是"国人"的主体。当有意与卿、大夫有所区别时,"国人"主要指下层大夫和"士",春秋卿大夫是"国人"的权力中心与领导者。春秋时期,庶民、工、商不当在"国人"范畴。春秋中后期,随着公室式微,卿大夫之间的兼并斗争日益加剧以及春秋、战国之际官学下移、私学兴起,文士渐渐取代武士而成为历史主角,"国人"的内涵亦悄无声息地完成历史转型。春秋战国之交以降,"国人"俨然成为平民大众的代名词。随着官僚社会结构的日渐形成,"国人"作为一个古老词汇,虽依旧保留在典籍之中,但它的内涵已发生很大变化。这既是语言内涵的历史传承、时代变迁及内涵新赋,亦是社会结构与文化形态的历史变迁在人类语言上的反映,更预示着一个"布衣将相"新时代的到来。

The"Guo-ren"(Originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty,Guo-ren refers to the people in and around the city.)in the Spring and Autumn Period refer to the Qing(a minister or a high official in Zhou Dynasty),Da-fu(a senior official in Zhou Dynasty)and Shi(a social stratum in Zhou Dynasty,between senior officials and the common people)in the ethical order of the Spring and Autumn Period.Shi is the main body of"Guo-ren",and Qing is the power center and leader of "Guo-ren"in the Spring and Autumn Period.During the Spring and Autumn Period,the common people,artisan and merchant were unsuitable in the category of"Guo-ren".In the late Spring and Autumn Period,the merger struggle between the minister intensified day by day,and the connotation of "Guo-ren"quietly completed the historical transformation.The Spring and Autumn warring States to fall,"Guo-ren"has become a synonym for the general public.With the gradual formation of bureaucratic social structure, "Guo-ren",as an ancient word,which remains in the classics,its connotation has changed a lot.This is not only the historical inheritance of language connotation,the change of times and new songs of connotation,but also the reflection of the historical changes of social structure and cultural form in human language.It also heralds the arrival of a new era of"commoner and military and political leaders".