尤里·蒂尼亚诺夫的“言语取向”理论——《作为演讲体裁的颂诗》评述

Yury Tynjanov's Theory of “Ustanovka”(Orientation)——A Review of The Ode as an Oratorical Genre

本文主要以20世纪初俄罗斯形式论学派代表人物尤里·蒂尼亚诺夫的专论《作为演讲体裁的颂诗》为中心,结合其理论思想,对"言语取向"理论进行评述。"言语取向"理论探讨作品的艺术材料、艺术形式、艺术手法以及与文学邻近的艺术外系列等多个侧面,具有极大的伸缩和延展力。它小到可以分析单个的形式元素、单个的艺术手法和单个的文学作品,大到可以发现某一体裁、某一流派的发展走向和演变规律。"言语取向"理论代表蒂氏的"动态的言语结构"之文学观,它跨越诗学维度、美学维度和社会学维度,是俄罗斯形式论学派在20世纪初将文学的内部研究与外部研究相结合的一次大胆尝试。"言语取向"理论不仅是诗学领域的体裁理论,更是文学史研究领域的演变理论。研究蒂氏的"言语取向"理论,对新时代的文学研究和文学史的书写具有启发意义。

This paper expounds on the theory of"ustanovka"(orientation)through reviewing The Ode as an Oratorical Genre by Russian formalist Yury Tynjanov.The theory of "ustanovka" (orientation)explores the artistic materials,forms,and techniques of literary works and other aspects outside art and close to literature.It has great extensibility and expansibility not only to analyze a single formal element,an individual art technique,and an individual literary work,but also to discover the direction and evolution pattern of a certain genre or a certain school.The theory of "ustanovka"represents Tynjanov's literary concept of "dynamic verbal structure".It transcends the poetic dimension,aesthetic dimension and sociological dimension.It was a bold attempt for Russian Formalism to combine the internal and external aspects of literature in the early 20th century.The theory of "ustanovka"is not simply a genre theory in the field of poetics,but also an evolution theory in the field of literary history research.The study of Tynjanov's theory of "ustanovka"is instructive for the literary study and the literary history writing in the new era.