加拿大与日本共居社区的模式比较与经验借鉴——基于体制构建、空间组织、运营管理之特征

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CANADIAN AND JAPANESE COHOUSING MODES AND RELATED EXPERIENCE: BASED ON THE FEATURES OF SYSTEM BUILDING, SPACE ARRANGEMENT, AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

共居社区是源于西方乌托邦理念的住房开发模式和社区类型,于1990年代传入亚太地区后呈现了新特征。在梳理共居社区发展历史的基础上,本文结合典型案例从体制构建、空间组织、运营管理3个层面对加拿大、日本两国共居社区模式进行比较研究,进而归纳该模式发展的核心特征和引进策略,并探讨了该模式的理论及实践意义:在理论方面,共居社区发展了社区规划理念并反映了其与城市规划的互动关系;在实践方面,共居社区的管理模式、决策机制对引导居民参与社区治理具有参考价值,农耕与居住结合、注重邻里交往的加拿大模式可为我国新农村建设开拓思路,改造旧建筑、以租赁方式运营的日本模式可为我国城市推广租赁住宅、发展街区制社区提供经验借鉴。

Cohousing is a housing development and community building mode which originates from the utopian idea of the Western countries'and has presented new features since the 1990s when it was introduced into the Asia-Pacific region.Based on the development history of cohousing,this paper carries out a comparative study between Canadian and Japanese cohousing modes,which focuses on the common as well as different characteristics of typical cases in terms of system building,space arrangement,and operations management.Then the paper concludes core features of eohousing and the strategies to introduce it to China,and explores the theoretical and practical significance of this mode.In theory,cohousing develops the concept of community planning and reflects its interaction with urban planning;in practice,regarding China's situation,the management mode and decisionmaking mechanism of cohousing can be used as reference to guide residents to participate in community governance.In specific,the Canadian mode of combining farming and housing as well as establishing neighborhood communication provides new ideas for the new countryside construction in China,while the Japanese mode of renovating existing buildings and leasehold operation offers experience for the promotion of rental housing and the development of block-based residential communities.