民国时期城市寺庙管理及其困境——以北平社会局对安化寺纠纷的监管为例

City temple management and its dilemma during the Republic of China——taking the supervision of Anhua Temple disputes by Beiping Social Bureau as an example

由1936-1946年间北平社会局对安化寺几次纠纷的监管可见,国民政府对寺庙管理强化了行政化与制度化,社会局的管理重点在于保护作为社会公产的寺庙财产,针对对象则是寺庙住持。如果住持违反规定对庙产私自处分变卖,则会给予撤换或驱逐等处罚。而对选任住持、人事纷争等其他庙内事务,则主要由其自主自治。因此寺僧得以躲避和潜回等方式逃避处罚,甚至相互勾结而蒙骗社会局,使得社会局的管理难以完全落实执行。因寺庙自身管理仍处于自然自治状态,形成对政府权力的消解与抵抗,使政府对寺庙管理遭遇困境。政府权力对基层社会单位的直接管控,与民间基层单位的自然自治状态之间形成张力,反映了民国时期基层社会管理体制初步建立,其成熟完善还有待于基层社会摆脱自然状态而提升有序化、制度化程度。

From the supervision of several disputes in Anhua Temple that Beiping Social Bureau made from 1936 to 1946,we can see that National Government strengthened administration and institutionalization in temple management,the management of Social Bureau focus on protecting temple property,and the target is the abbot.If the abbot violates the regulations to sell the temple property privately,he will be punished for removal or explosion.As for other affairs such as election of abbot,personal disputes,etc,Social Bureau let it autonomous autonomy.Therefore,the monks were able to escape from the punishments by escaping and sneak back,and even colluded with each other to deceive the Social Bureau,these make it difficult for the management of the Social Bureau to fully implement.Because the temple itself is still in a state of natural autonomy,it forms a disintegration and resistance to government power,which makes the government suffer from difficulties in temple management.The direct control of the government power to the grassroots social units,form tension with the natural autonomous state of the folk grassroots units,that reflect the initial establishment of the grassroots social management system during the Republic of China,Its maturity and perfection still need to be upgraded the ordered and institutionalized level in the grassroots society.