19世纪晚期欧洲贸易条约与协定浪潮

On the Wave of European Trade Treaties and Agreements in the Late 19th Century

欧洲大陆在19世纪晚期重返贸易保护主义,但与此同时也掀起了签订贸易条约与协定的浪潮。这股浪潮刚开始为法国所主导,之后逐渐由德国支配。它与19世纪60、70年代的自由贸易条约浪潮既有所联系,也存在较大差异。而最惠国原则在其中起到了基础性作用,并与双重关税体制形成联动,保障国际条约网络的弹性。19世纪晚期的贸易条约与协定浪潮有效抑制了贸易保护主义蔓延,推动欧洲经济加速融合。但政府在贸易条约决策过程中日益壮大的权限和国际性监督机制的缺乏,破坏了贸易条约与协定的内涵及运行规则,难以有效解决工业大国间因经济发展不平衡等因素所带来的尖锐矛盾。

The European continent returned to trade protectionism in the late 19th century,but at the same time it set off a wave of trade treaties and agreements.This wave was dominated by France at the beginning and gradually changed to being dominated by Germany.It is related to but quite different from the wave of free trade treaties of the 1860s and 1870s.The MFN principle had played a fundamental role in it and formed a linkage with the double tariff system to guarantee the flexibility of the international treaty network.The wave of trade treaties and agreements in the late 19th century effectively suppressed the spread of trade protectionism and accelerated the integration of the European economy.However,the growing authority of the government in the decision-making process of trade treaties and the lack of international supervision mechanisms had undermined the connotation and operational rules of trade treaties and agreements,and it was difficult to effectively solve the sharp contradictions caused by economic imbalances among industrial powers.