苏联分离主义的历史分期和特点研究

Historic Periods of Soviet Separatism and Analysis of its Featuresd

分离主义是民族主义的极端表现。民族主义者从开始要求独立的那一刻起,才成为分离主义者。以"整合国家"和"边疆国家"这两个概念及其主要特征为理论基础,能相对有效地厘清苏联政府在边疆地区遏制分离主义的政策。总体而言,苏联建国时期与解体时期才是分离主义的兴起阶段,而在1956年至1961年、1961年至1985年的两个历史阶段期间,民族主义者的行动在体制框架之内;他们从未正式提出各自少数民族地区的独立要求,所以苏联在此期间是民族主义问题,尚未达到分离主义的程度。1956年至1985年是改善国内民族气氛最良好的时期,然而苏联政府错过了这次机会。

Separatism is an extreme manifestation of nationalism. Nationalists become separatists from the moment they begin to demand independence. Employing the concepts of "integrated country" and "frontier country" as its theoretical basis, the paper attempts to clarify the Soviet government’s policies in containing separatism in frontier regions. The paper demonstrates that the period of the founding and disintegration of the Soviet Union were the periods when the separatism was on the rise. However, during the two historical periods from 1956 to 1961 and from 1961 to 1985, the actions of nationalists still remained within the institutional framework of the Soviet state. The minorities had not formally demanded independence, so then the Soviet Union was dealing with the issue of nationalism and the protest had not yet reached the level of separatism. The paper argues that from 1956 to 1985, it was the best time for the state to improve its nationalities policies, however, the Soviet government missed that opportunity.