乌克兰的族群分离与治理——以克里米亚问题为例

Ethnic Separation and Governance during Ukrainian Social Transition: A Case of the Crimean Issue

自20世纪90年代初独立以来,族群分离一直是困扰着乌克兰社会转型的棘手问题。在乌克兰,各个族群因为历史原因与周边国家有着错综复杂的亲缘关系;不同族群之间也因宗教信仰、语言文化、经济差距、政府治理等因素影响而存在敏感性。经济衰退、治理失效、社会腐败等诸多因素为地区分离主义运动积蓄了强大的动力,社会转型时期国家秩序的溃散则为分离运动提供了巨大的发展空间。在此背景下,乌克兰历届政府不同程度地推行乌克兰化政策,一定程度上降低甚至阻滞了少数族群对政府的认同,成为克里米亚分离运动的重要诱因。

Since its independence in the early 1990 s, ethnic separation has always been a thorny problem plaguing Ukrainian social transition. In Ukraine, each ethnic group, due to historical reasons, has intricate relationships with its neighboring countries. Among different ethnic groups, there also exist sensitivities due to different religious beliefs, languages and cultures, economic disparities, government governance and other factors. Economic recession, ineffective governance, social corruption and many other factors have accumulated strong momentum for the regional separatist movement, while the collapse of the state order during the social transition has provided a huge space for the separatist movement. In this context, successive Ukrainian governments, to different extents, pursued Ukrainization policies which reduced or even blocked minority recognition towards the government, and became an important incentive for the Crimean Separation Movement.