企业污染的舆论监督为什么需要多层次的公众参与——基于美国TRI数据库实践的研究

Why does Public Opinion Supervision of Enterprise Pollution Need Multi-level Public Participations——A Case Study of TRI Practices in USA

针对企业环境污染的舆论监督,本文考察了美国公众在TRI数据库基础上各层面的公众参与,以及它们对于企业风险进行舆论监督的作用,进而考察对政府公共部门制定风险管控政策的影响。在这四个层面当中,企业的公众参与使得风险评估中多了不同的利益主体;公民与社区的参与是公众参与的初级形式,参与机会是主要目标;部分公众参与是利用大众传媒与社会专业组织为公众传播风险知识并进一步形成舆论;充分公众参与是在政策制定层面影响风险管控政策与立法的科学与正义性。这四个层面是阶梯性、递进式的,彼此不可或缺又各有所用。

This paper examines the public participation and its roles at all levels on the basis of TRI practices in the USA in order to supervise the enterprise pollution by public opinions.Among these four levels,public participation of enterprises makes risk assessment have different stakeholders,and citizen and community participation is the primary form of public participation,in which participation opportunity is the main goal.Part participation is to use mass media and social professional organizations to disseminate risk knowledge to the public to form the public opinion,while full participation exerts great influence on the risk legislation at the policy-making level.These four levels of public participation are ladder-like and indispensable to each other.