我国精英大学的生源究竟在何方——以A大学和B大学2013级生源为例

Where Are the Students of China's Elite Universities From?——Evidence from the Freshmen of 2013 in University A and University B

随着我国高校招生规模的不断扩大,高等教育现已进入大众化阶段,并逐步向普及化方向发展。众多学子已经不再仅仅满足于能够有机会接受高等教育,而更多的是希望自己有机会进入精英大学接受高等教育。基于数据的可获得性,本文选取A大学和B大学作为中国精英大学的代表,应用教育基尼系数、地区首位比等指数,分析两所大学2013级生源的毕业高中特征表明,两所大学的生源主要来自地级市的高中,来自县级区域高中相对较少;优质高中教育资源在各省内的地区间分布不平衡,且中西部地区的不平衡程度要高于东部地区。经济发展水平差异、人口结构和人口流动、示范高中和超级中学都是导致不平衡的原因。为解决上述问题,省级政府应对落后地市和县级区域给予重点倾斜;禁止跨地市和跨县招生,杜绝高中学校之间恶性争抢生源,维护普通高中的招生秩序;精英大学在招生政策方面应加大向县级中学的倾斜力度。

With the continuous expansion of the enrollment of students by colleges and universities,China's higher education has entered the stage of popularization,and gradually stepped into the stage of universalization.Many students are no longer merely satisfied with the opportunity to receive higher education,but hope to enter elite universities.This paper,based on available data from two typical elite universities(University A and University B),as well as Gini coefficients of education and regional resource ratios,analyzed the features of the senior high schools where the freshmen of the two universities had studied before they went to college in 2013.Empirical results show that the students of the two universities mainly came from senior high schools in prefecture-level cities other than in county-level regions;high-quality senior high schools are distributed unevenly in different provinces,with the high-quality senior high schools in the central and western regions showing a higher degree of imbalanced distribution than those in the eastern regions.The imbalanced distribution results from the difference in economic development in different regions,the demographic structure and migration,model senior high schools,and giant senior high schools.To solve these problems,the governments at the provincial level are supposed to give first priority to backward cities and county-level regions;cross-city and cross-county enrollment of students must be prohibited so as to eliminate vicious competitions between senior high schools and maintain the good order of enrollment;and elite universities should enroll more senior high school students from county-level regions.