中国地区小麦产量及产量要素对秸秆还田响应的整合分析

Meta-analysis of the Response of Wheat Yield and Yield Components to Straw Returning in China

为探究秸秆还田对中国小麦的增产效果,运用整合分析方法定量分析秸秆还田后小麦产量及产量要素的变化范围,并探讨不同秸秆还田条件的影响;通过文献检索与严格筛选,整理得到55篇田间试验数据资料,建立小麦产量及产量要素数据库,并应用整合分析方法,比较分析秸秆还田对小麦产量和产量要素的整体影响以及秸秆还田技术的适用条件。结果表明,总体上秸秆还田能够显著增加小麦产量和产量要素,但增长幅度不大。通过分析其影响因素发现,在黄河流域到长江流域之间的省份,选择潮土、塿土、水稻土等养分中等、复杂难以利用的土壤类型,实行秸秆还田技术的收益较好;不同耕作方式对秸秆还田的影响较大,免耕和翻耕技术好于旋耕技术;施氮水平>300 kg·hm^(-2)时,增产不显著,200～300 kg·hm^(-2)施氮水平为最佳;秸秆种类与还田量对小麦的增产效果影响较大,其中使用麦秸还田效果一般,稻秸全量或半量还田成效较好,玉米秸半量还田(6 000 kg·hm^(-2))增产最大。综上,秸秆还田能够增加小麦产量和产量因素,秸秆还田的最佳条件为在秦岭-淮河一线南北地区实行免耕与翻耕交替耕作方式,采用玉米秸秆半量还田方法,施氮水平为200～300 kg·hm^(-2)。本研究结果为秸秆还田在我国小麦高产高效技术的应用提供了理论参考。

In this study, the integrated analysis method was used to quantitatively analyze the range of wheat yield and yield factors after straw returning, and different straw returning conditions were discussed in order to study the effect of straw returning on wheat yield in China. Fifty-five data files of field experiments were sorted through literature retrieval and strict screening. Then a database of yield and yield factors for wheat was established. The integrated analysis was applied to analyze the effects of straw returning on wheat yield and yield factors as well as the suitable conditions of straw returning technology. On the whole, straw returning could significantly increase the yield and yield factors of wheat, but the growth rate was modest. The study found that the yield of straw returning technology in the soil types that are complex and difficult to use such as alluvial soil, loess soil, paddy soil etc. is better in the provinces between the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Basin. Different tillage methods have different effects on straw returning and the technique of no tillage and tillage is better than rotary tillage. The yield was not remarkably raised when the amount of nitrogen was >300 kg·hm^-2. 200~300 kg·hm^-2 could be the optimum nitrogen application rate. Different straw types and returning amount had a great influence on the yield increase of wheat. The effect of wheat straw returning is generally good, and rice straw is good and half of the corn straw(6 000 kg·hm-2) is the best. Straw returning can increase wheat yield and yield factors in China. Half of the corn straw returning in Qinling Mountains and Huaihe with the implementation of no tillage and tillage and the nitrogen amount of 200~300 kg·hm-2 is the best condition for returning straw to field. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the application of straw returning in China.