泛监察主义:中国古代监察职能的基本特点——兼议对当代监察体制改革的启示

Pan-supervision: a Basic Feature of the Supervisory Function in Ancient China——Also on Implications for the Contemporary Reform of Supervisory System

中国古代监察职能虽然有基本的定位和重点,但又严重泛化,其主要表现是:既察官又察民,既"察人"又"察事",既察违法犯罪又察一般事务,既罚又赏,既事后纠劾又事前监察。中国古代监察职能的基本特点是"泛监察主义"。中国古代统治者赋予监察十分全面的职能和广泛的权力,但实践的效果却事与愿违,不仅监察机关的自身职能不能很好发挥,又严重混淆和侵扰了国家治理体系中的其它职能。历史表明":泛监察主义"不是一种良制,监察应奉行谦抑主义而不是扩张主义。

The supervisory function in ancient China had its own basic orientation and focus;however,it was generalized severely,which is manifested by supervision of both officials and civilians,of both people and affairs,of both crimes and civil affairs,by both punishments and rewards,and by both impeachment afterwards and supervision beforehand.The basic feature is pan-supervision.The ancient Chinese rulers gave supervisory function all-round functions and wide-ranging powers,but this backfired.Not only could supervisory authorities perform functions well,but also they abused other functions in state governance.History suggests that pan-supervision is not a sensible mechanism and it is advisable that deference rather than expansion be pursued in supervision.