论宋代理学家的自然诗观及其实践

The Discussion of the Rational Scholars' Natural Poetry Idea and the Forming Reasons in Song Dynasty

"自然"既是诗歌的一种美学准则,也是一种艺术风格,更是一种审美境界,它堪称两宋时期诗学的最高审美标准。就理学家的诗学思想而言,平淡自然几乎是其唯一的创作原则和评价标准,他们多借助雪月风花来观察天理流行,从自然事物中体察天道义理。相对文人多重视"尚于作用"的自然,理学家更提倡"未有作用"的自然。这源于他们对传统儒学"有诸内必形诸外""有德必有言"观念的继承和"文从道出""道本文末"的哲学本体论认识。而"自然"境界并非一蹴而就,需要通过内外双修,最终达到心之所发、言即为法、行即合道的目标。

"nature"is not only a kind of aesthetics principle,but also a sort of artistic style,a kind of aesthetic state. It should can be the highest aesthetics standard of poetry in Song Dynasty. Especially for the rational scholars,nature was almost the only creating principle and judge standard. They always observed the heavenly principles by natural phenomenons,and experienced natural law through natural things. Compared with intellectuals’ emphasis on artificial nature,rational scholars more advocated the real nature,that because of their inherit the conception of traditional Confucian learning of the relationship of the inside and outside and the acknowledge of philosophy ontology of writings and truth. However,the natural aesthetic state can only be based on the outside and inner refine,but not immediately.