小议“和合二仙”寒山、拾得与《西游记》的渊源

“The Twin Genii He-He” and the Origin of Journey to the West

寒山、拾得作为中国民间传说中的喜庆团圆之神——"和合二仙"与《西游记》有过一段"公案"。他们在宋元间泉州傀儡戏《三藏取经》中曾有过一席之地,充当三藏师徒的接引者。遗憾的是,最终他们的故事被百回本写定者舍弃了。探究二者进出"西游"的缘由可知,原本他们最早是取代了另一位"和合仙"万回而与"西游"结缘,但最终又被文殊、普贤二菩萨所取代,脱离了"西游"轨道。他们进入《三藏取经》,进入"西游"系统,是因为民间话语体系的兼容性。只是最终受限于身份标签,他们只能被割爱。这二者的出现与消失的意义在于:一方面为我们研究《西游记》的演化提供了全新的例证;另一方面他们的出现与泉州东西塔上实物雕像互证,也成为断定"南系"《西游记》——《三藏取经》相关问题的关键证据之一。

Hanshan and Shide(the twin genii of He-He) were the two gods of harmonious union in the Chinese folklores -- there had been a record about their connection with the Journey to the West. They appeared in the puppet show Sanzang Qu Jing at Quanzhou in the Song and Yuan Dynasty as the Buddha which provided guidance to Sanzang and his disciples. Unfortunately, their story was later abandoned by the author of the novel. Actually they first replaced another god of He-He Wanhui, nevertheless they were later replaced by the two Budha Wenshu and Puxian in the story of the Journey to the West. Their appearance in Sanzang Qu Jing and the Journey to the West could be explained by the compatibility of the folklore discourse. They were rejected finally in the story because of their identity. Their appearance and disappearance in the story are significant in two aspects: on one hand, it has provided us new evidence for the study about the evolution of the Journey to the West;on the other hand, their appearance and the statues in the Western and Eastern Towers at Quanzhou can be mutual reference and become one of the critical evidences to conclude that there is a connection between the southern version of the Journey to West and Sanzang Qu Jing.