追求公平而有质量的教育:新时期城乡义务教育质量差距的影响因素与均衡策略

Aspiring for Education with Fairness and Quality:Factors Affecting the Urban-Rural Quality Gap of Compulsory Education and the Balancing Strategies in the New Era

集权取向的农村义务教育财政体制改革,以及国家对农村义务教育持续的倾斜性投入,有效地缩小了城乡义务教育资源投入方面的差距,然而城乡义务教育质量上的梯度落差却依然明显。本文基于全国基线调查数据(CEPS),使用分层线性回归模型和夏普利值分解方法,对当前城乡义务教育质量差距及其影响因素进行实证分析。结果显示,从中心城区到边缘农村,学生认知能力成绩呈现出明显的"差序格局"。在影响教育质量的因素中,无论是学校层面还是家庭层面,相比于经济性因素(如生均公用经费、家庭经济收入等),文化性因素(如教师文化程度、职业能力、家庭文化资本、家长教育期望等)的影响效应更大。文化性因素成为当前城乡义务教育质量差距的主导变量,预示着在强调质量公平的新时期,均衡城乡义务教育发展的政策着力点必须做出新的调整。

While the disparity between urban and rural compulsory education in terms of resource inputs has been effectively narrowed because of the centralization oriented reform on the finance system and the privileged educational investment in rural areas,the quality gap still remains significant in compulsory education.Based on CEPS dataset,the quality gap between urban and rural compulsory education and its determinants are analyzed using hierarchical linear models(HLM)and the Shapley Value Decomposition.The results show that,the quality disparities exhibit an obvious pattern of sequential gaps from the downtown to village areas.The results also indicate that,it is the cultural factors such as teacher quality,family cultural capital and so forth rather than the economic factors such as operating expenditure per students and family income that have larger influence on the urban-rural education quality gap.This implies that,in the new era emphasizing quality equality,new adjustments are required in policies for balancing the development of urban-rural education.