主体分离型道路交通事故中的所有人责任形态——基于《侵权责任法》第49条的解释论研究

Liability Mode of Motor Vehicle Owner in Subjects-Separated Road Traffic Accidents——Interpretative Research Based on Article 49 of the Tort Liability Law

在主体分离型道路交通事故中,所有人责任形态仅以《侵权责任法》第49条中"相应的赔偿责任"一词表达,简洁却不甚明了,仍需进行法律和学理上的进一步解释。所有人责任形态并非单一固化,而是存在动态解释的可能。所有人责任形态解释的关键在于确定"相应的"的判断标准,该判断标准为所有人过错、原因力和其他既定法律规则。所有人责任形态原则上应为按份责任,特殊情形下并不排除连带责任,但绝无补充责任的可能。就第49条体系定位而言,该条存在与其他既定法律规则竞合适用的可能,此时所有人责任形态依其他既定法律规则而定,具体表现为按份责任和连带责任两种。即"相应的"包含两层意思表示:所有人责任大小与其过错大小"相适应",所有人责任形态与其他既定法律规则"相适应"。

On the occasion of subjects-separated road traffic accidents,Liability of motor vehicle owner is only expressed by corresponding compensation liability which is ambiguous. It needs more legal and doctrinal explaination. Historical evolution of Liability of motor vehicle owner proves that it is not immutable and frozen. The key of its explaination is confirming the standard of corresponding,based on the fault of motor vehicle owner,reason force and other existing legal rules. Under perspective of judicial practice and interpretation logic of 49 th,Liablity of motor vehicle owner is several liability in principle,joint responsibility under special circumstances,but it will never be supplementary liability. In terms of system location of 49 th,this article may have concurrence with other existing legal rules,responsibility type of motor vehicle owner depends on other existing legal rules at this time,which is several liability or joint responsibility. To Summarize,the range of the liability of the owner is in accordance with the range of his fault,while the form of liability of the owner should adapt to other established legal rules.