“原心”与“原性”——孟子与韩非人性论的比较

“Original Heart” and “Original Nature”——Comparison Theory of Human Nature between Mencius and Han Feizi

先秦时代的诸子学说都立足于现实的政治伦理实践,最终都以维护社会、政治秩序为目的。儒法二家更具有积极入世的夙愿,面对"礼崩乐坏"的社会现实,都给出了具体的救世措施。然而细究思孟学派与荀韩一脉,他们的思想着眼点都开始关注人性,并且都不是简单的人性论哲学,其对人性的考量摆脱了个人主义的局限,更多地发展了人性的社会化维度。但在对人性的具体认识上,两家却有着各自不同的看法和方式,如孟子是以"四端之心"为基础的先验的性善论;而韩非则更多地被认为是继承了荀子的"性恶论",并由此阐发了法家一套依靠"法、术、势"而成的专制集权形式。如果说孟子的心性论是一种从心到性、以心善言性善的思想理路,那么韩非的人性论便具有由势制性、原性定法的思想特点。

The philosophers in the Pre-Qin period was based on the practice of political and ethics in reality,and ultimately aimed at maintaining social and political order. For the Confucianism and Legalism,they are more eager to mundane,and they have given concrete measures to save the world facing the social reality of "Ceremony Disintegration. "However,the study of the Mencius School and the Xun-Han School,their thoughts have begun to focus on human nature,and they are not simple humanistic philosophy. Their consideration of humanity has got rid of the limitations of individualism and more developed the socialization of human nature. However,in terms of human nature,they have different views and methods,such as Mencius’ s transcendental sexuality theory based on the "fourorginal hearts";and Han Fei is more considered to be inherited Xun Zi’s"sexual evil theory",and thus expounded a set of authoritarian centralized powers that rely on "law,surgery,and power. "If Mencius’ s theory of the nature of mind is a way of thinking from the mind to nature,which is good in heart and good in nature,then Han Fei’s theory of human nature has the ideological characteristics of being governed by power and defining the law of origin.