再生障碍性贫血患者肺炎的临床特点及相关因素分析

Clinical characteristics and related factors of pneumonia in patients with aplastic anemia

目的分析再生障碍性贫血患者发生肺炎的临床特点,以期为早期预防和临床诊疗提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析西南医科大学附属医院2013年6月-2018年4月收治的89例再生障碍性贫血患者的相关资料,对患者的肺炎影像学表现、临床特点、病原菌分布、感染相关因素进行分析。结果再生障碍性贫血患者发生肺炎时,临床表现不典型,影像学提示感染以双肺为主;常见病原菌是以肺炎克雷伯菌为主的革兰阴性菌;疾病分型、粒细胞缺乏、低血清白蛋白是再生障碍性贫血患者肺炎的独立危险因素;规律免疫抑制治疗是再生障碍性贫血患者发生肺炎的保护性因素。结论再生障碍性贫血患者肺炎的临床表现多样,其病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,在病原学结果回示前,经验性使用β内酰胺类-酶抑制剂复合制剂或喹诺酮类有利于感染的控制;对再生障碍性贫血患者进行规律的免疫抑制治疗、加强再生障碍性贫血患者造血功能的恢复及营养状况的支持是减少再生障碍性贫血患者肺炎发生的有效措施。

objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of pneumonia in patients with aplastic anemia for improving early prevention and clinical diagnosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted for patients with aplastic anemia treated in our hosipital from June 2013 to April 2018. The clinical data of pneumonia were reviewed and analyzed in terms of radiological findings,pathogen distribution, and related risk factors. Results The clinical manifestations are atypical in patients with aplastic anemia. The imaging findings suggested that the infection was mainly bilateral pulmonary infection. The common pathogens were gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae. Disease type, agranulocytosis and low serum albumin level were independent risk factors for pneumonia in patients with aplastic anemia. Regular immunosuppressive therapy is a protective factor for pneumonia in patients with aplastic anemia. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of pneumonia are diverse in patients with aplastic anemia. The pathogens are mainly gram-negative bacteria. Empirical use of β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations or quinolones is beneficial for controlling infection. Regular immunosuppressive therapy, recovery of hematopoietic function, nutritional support are effective measures to reduce the incidence of pneumonia in patients with aplastic anemia.