“女权焦虑”与话语建构:建党初期妇女工作者对马克思主义妇女理论中国化的建构

“Feminist Anxiety” and Discourse Construction: On the Construction of Marxist Outlook on Women in China in the Early Stage of the Founding of the Party

在20世纪20年代的中国,个人救赎与社会革命的共存,在革命中被隐匿的性别问题让许多女性在革命道路上寻求自身独立时,不得不面对来自性别的焦虑。被称之为"革命祖母"的中国共产党早期革命家向警予,也因此陷入了革命工作"男同志与女同志"的性别分工,以及婚恋与革命的双重女权焦虑之中。基于向警予女权焦虑的两个方面,通过对20世纪20年代中共党内革命家对妇女解放思想的文本梳理,发现中共党内妇女工作者一方面通过无产阶级解放的宏大叙事争取妇女解放的革命空间,策略性地运用党内男性主流话语建构女性主体性身份;另一方面以女性立场建构革命中的女性与性、爱情与革命的关系来消解婚姻家庭中的传统性别角色塑造。在中共妇女工作实践中建构了"妇女群众""妇女事业"等具有中国妇女解放运动特色的话语体系,开启了马克思主义妇女理论中国化的初步探索。

In the 1920 s, personal salvation and social revolution coincided in China. Due to gender issues hidden in the revolution, many women faced gender anxiety while they were seeking their independence on the revolutionary path. Xiang Jingyu, an early revolutionary, known as "Revolutionary Grandma" also suffered from the dual anxiety caused by the division of revolutionary work by "male comrades and female comrades" and the dilemma of marriage and revolution. Focused on the two aspects of Xiang’s anxiety, this paper examines the texts on women’s emancipation by the CPC revolutionaries in the 1920 s and finds that women revolutionaries in the Party, on the one hand, strived for greater space for women’s liberation in the grand context of the proletarian revolution and meanwhile strategically took advantage of the mainstream discourse of men within the Party to construct women’ s subjective identity. On the other hand, they constructed, from women’ s standpoint, the relationship between women and sex, love and revolution in the revolution to dissolve the traditional gender stereotypes in traditional marriage life. As a result, they succeeded in constructing a discourse system including such new words as "the masses of women(妇女群众) and "women’s career(妇女事业) ", etc., with the distinctive features of the Chinese women’s liberation movement, which opened up the preliminary exploration in Marxist theory on women in China.