不同职业健康风险评估方法在铅酸蓄电池生产行业的应用比较

Comparative study on application of different occupational health risk assessment methods in lead-acid battery production industry

目的比较3种风险评估方法对铅酸蓄电池生产行业中化学有害因素职业健康风险评估的适用性。方法采用方便抽样方法,选取6家铅酸蓄电池企业为研究对象,采用接触比值法、综合指数法(均为半定量评估法)和定性风险评估法对铅烟、铅尘和硫酸作业岗位的职业健康风险进行评估,将所得风险等级标准化为风险比值,对3种方法的评估结果进行比较。结果对于铅烟、铅尘和硫酸作业岗位的职业健康风险等级,接触比值评估法评估的结果为2～4级,综合指数法评估的结果为2～3级,该2种方法标准化后的风险比值与标准化前的风险等级一致;定性风险评估法评估的结果为2～3级,标准化后的的风险比值为3～4级,各岗位标准化后的风险比值均较标准化前的风险等级提高1级。当接触水平(E)/职业接触限值(OEL)≥2时,定性风险评估法评估与接触比值法对铅烟、铅尘的职业健康风险评估结果一致,均为高风险,均高于综合指数法评估所得的中等风险结果。当E/OEL <2时,Kappa分析结果显示:接触比值法与综合指数法一致性极好(Kappa=0. 84,P <0. 01);定性风险评估法结果与接触比值法、综合指数法的一致性差(Kappa值分别为-0. 22、-0. 24)。结论对铅酸蓄电池生产企业中化学有害因素的职业健康风险评估时,在有工作场所职业病危害因素检测结果和OEL时采用综合指数法评估较为全面,在职业病危害因素暂无检测方法或OEL时可采用定性风险评估方法评估。

Objective To compare the applicability of three risk assessment methods on occupational health risk assessment of chemical harmful factors in lead-acid battery manufacturers. Methods The convenient sampling method was used to select six lead-acid battery enterprises as research subjects. The occupational health risks of jobs with lead smoke,lead dust and sulfuric acid were determined by contact ratio method,comprehensive index method( both are semiquantitative evaluation method) and qualitative risk assessment method. The assessment was carried out,and the obtained risk level was standardized as the risk ratio. The evaluation results of these three methods were compared. Results For occupational health risk levels of lead smoke,lead dust and sulfuric acid,the contact ratio assessment method were 2-4,and the comprehensive index method were 2-3. The risk ratios after standardization were consistent with the risk level of that before standardization. The result of the qualitative risk assessment method was 2-3,and the standardized risk ratio was 3-4. The risk ratio of each post after standardization increased by one level compared with the risk level before standardization. When( Exposure limit concentration,E)/( Occupational exposure limit,OEL) ≥ 2,the occupational health risk levels of lead smoke,lead dust of qualitative risk assessment method and the contact ratio method were completely consistent,both of which were high risk,which were higher than the medium risk result of the comprehensive index method. When E/OEL < 2,Kappa analysis results showed that the contact ratio method and the comprehensive index method were in good agreement( Kappa = 0. 84,P < 0. 01). The qualitative risk assessment method were inconsistent with the contact ratio method and the comprehensive index method( Kappa value were -0. 22 and -0. 24). Conclusion For occupational health risk assessment of chemical harmful factors in lead-acid battery manufacturers,the comprehensive index method could be used to evaluate the comprehensive results of occupational disease hazard factors and OEL in workplace. A qualitative risk assessment method can be used for assessment without test method or OEL of occupational hazard factor.