在王权与教权之间——论欧洲中古后期教会学者的政治理论及其体系

Between Monarchical Power and Ecclesiastical Power:A Study of the Political Theories and System of European Ecclesiastical Scholars in Late Medieval Period

中古后期,基督教教会学者接受了古典时代和中古前期的思想遗产,在阐释和创新的基础上提出了一系列政治理论。这些理论从珍重生命起始,以自然法和自然权利为起点,由作为个体的人的基本权利立论,经"同意"或"共同同意"的路径,推至两个并立的权力顶端,形成了堪称完整的逻辑体系,在实践中形成了对王权和教权的限制与约束。会议至上主义运动是教会学者政治理论发展的产物,它限制了教权的集中,阻止了教皇专制主义的形成,但传统学术关于会议至上主义运动的定论和教皇专制主义的定性,都缺乏客观依据,有失公允。教会学者的政治理论不仅直接影响了当时的政治实践,对后来的英国革命、欧美启蒙运动、法国大革命和美国独立战争等重大历史事件,特别是欧美近现代政治体制,也产生了重要影响。

In late medieval period,ecclesiastical scholars accepted the thought legacy of the classical and early medieval period.Based on the interpretation and innovation of the legacy,they put forward a series of political theories. These theories began with treasuring life,took natural law and natural rights as the starting point,grounded arguments on the basic rights of human being as individuals,"deduced two co-existing tops of power through the track of "consent"or "common consent"and formed a complete logical system.They exerted restrictions and constraints on monarchical power and ecclesiastical power in practice.Conciliarism,which was the product of these political theories,restricted the concentration of ecclesiastical power and prevented the formation of pope autocracy.However,the traditional academic research about the nature of conciliarism and pope autocracy lacks objective basis and is not fair enough.The political theories of ecclesiastical scholars not only had a direct impact on political practice then and there,but also had an important influence on later great historical events,for instance,English Revolution,the Enlightenment in Europe and America,French Revolution,American War of Independence etc.,especially on early modern and modern political systems in Europe and America.