《策林》与白居易“讽谕诗”溯源

On Celin and the Origin of Bai Juyi's Allegorical Poems

白居易为应试编纂《策林》,其中与政治和文学相关的内容,反映出白居易对"讽教"的特别关注和独到见解。白居易的"讽教"观源于《诗经》的"美刺比兴",但《诗经》强调自上而下的政治教化,而白居易强调自下而上的讽谕、箴规,这种源于传统又有别于传统的诗歌主张,成为其创作"惟歌生民病"的"讽谕诗"的理论基础。同时,"讽谕诗"的创作也与白居易自身的因素密切相关,其"惟歌生民病"的"讽谕"精神,一是出自"兼济天下"的道义情怀,二是本于"贵民"的政治思想,三是源于诗人的个人遭际。从理论到创作实践,"讽谕诗"经白居易发展成熟,后来成为唐朝诗人以诗讽谏的一种范式。

Preparing for the imperial examination,Bai Juyi compiled Celin,which involved contents of politics and literature,and reflected Bai Juyi’s special attention and unique understanding of"allegory and preaching".Bai Juyi’s"allegory and preaching"originated from "ode,satire,metaphor and analogy(bi-xing)"in The Book of Songs.The Book of Songs emphasizes top-down political preaching,but Bai Juyi stressed bottom-up allegory and admonishment.This very poetic idea originated from the tradition and also differed from the tradition,and developed into the theoretical foundation of his allegorical poems about the people’s suffering.Meanwhile,the creation of these very poems were closely related with Bai Juyi himself.His allegorical spirit of the people’s suffering originated from morality of caring about the whole society,political ideas of"cherishing the people"and the poet’s own suffering.From theory to creation practice,allegorical poems matured with the help of Bai Juyi,and later developed into a paradigm of allegory through poems for the poets in Tang Dynasty.