人体肠道微生物群、营养与健康

Human gut microbiota, nutrition and health

人体肠道微生物群是人体消化道系统中栖息的微生物总称.这些微生物与人体长期共进化,形成了一个平衡的微生态系统.人体微生物群与健康和疾病密切相关,被视为人体最大的内分泌"器官".该器官具有调节功能,通过改变微生物群的构成、种类与比例实现维护和恢复人体健康的目的.因此,人体微生物群及其与机体互作平衡网络研究,将为精准医学的诊断、治疗和预后评估带来革命性变化.肠道微生物群与摄入食物营养密切互作,不仅有助于降解食物营养素,还能够合成多种营养素供人体利用.研究者逐步认识到人体、微生物群、营养和免疫存在密切互作关系,因此,解析这一互作网络将为精准营养学的发展带来前所未有的新机遇.本文在总结目前人体肠道微生物群、营养与健康关系研究成果的基础上,从多个视角综述了此交叉领域日新月异的进展.

Human gut microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts, including bacteria, archaea, virus, fungi and protists. These microorganisms coevolved together with human body for a long history, forming a balanced micro-ecosystem. Recent researches discovered the close association between gut microbiota and human health. The gut microbiota was thought to be the biggest endocrine "organ", which keeps and restores human health by regulating the its composition and structure. Dysregulation in the composition and diversity of microbiota(dysbiosis) is closely associated with diverse metabolism and immune disorders, such as diabetes, allergy, autoimmunity, and gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders. Thus, a balanced network between gut microbiota and human body will be of great help for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in the field of precision medicine. Gut microbiota also interacts with diet to degrade nutrients and provide additional nutrients. Meanwhile, faecal bacteria can exert a fundamental role in modulating energy metabolism. Studies have shown that in obesity individuals, the gut microbiota composition can be significantly different from that of lean individuals, and that modifications of gut microbiota composition can be associated with increases or reductions of body weight and body mass index. On the other hand, gut bacterial was related with nutrients absorption. Such as, decreased abundance of Lactobacillus maybe relate with iron(Fe) deficiency, which indicated the intimate connection between gut microbiota and nutrients. Development of nutriology has contributed greatly to human health. A well-balanced diet is the basis for a healthy life. Both the western diet and special diets can have a relevant impact on the microbiome and promote the development of various diseases. An increasing in food-related disorders in recent years, largely associated with dramatic changes in food consumption trends and main nutrients. Nutrition has a very special influence on the microbiome as it is an important factor throughout age. Gut bacteria are specialized in the fermentation of various substrates, thus, complex diets can lead to a number of metabolic products, especially vitamins and SCFAs, which are important to human health. Dietary-associated changes in compositional and functional microbiota traits should be correlated with the health status for the future development of dietary recommendations and potential clinical interventions. We have realized the close relationship between human body, gut microbiota, nutrients and immunity, which will bring an unprecedented opportunity for developing precision nutrition. This review will focus on the gut microbiota, nutrition and health. Due to rapid advances in this inter-discipline, we here only choose several facets to discuss.