秦晋之间:五礼制度的诞生研究

A Study about the Establish of the Five-etiquette System during the Qin and Jin Dynasties

诞生于西晋的五礼制度是适应大一统王朝的礼制体系。"五礼"名称或与五行有关,五礼之说至少出现在战国后期。秦始皇建立大一统的王朝,在礼制创制上有相当贡献,后世礼制沿袭着秦朝开创的路线而向前发展。汉初儒学复兴,礼学有四个明显转折,一是汉武帝废除挟书令,独尊儒学,古文经始出,传统礼学由重视道德转向到道德、政治并重;二是新莽时期刘歆利用古文经为王莽代汉服务,古文经立为官学,开始全面创制基于"国家层面"上的新礼制体系;三是郑玄合今古文经为一体,奠定了礼制重政治的新局面;四是王肃批判郑玄,使经学再次形成新派系,促进了礼学的深入发展。五礼制度产生需要三个前提条件,帝王的意志、学术发展的基础和国内外政治局势,三者缺一不可。晋武帝结束了割据局面,重新创建了一个大一统王朝,他本人有创制新礼制体系的意愿,加之郑、王等人礼学思想已臻成熟,故适应大一统的五礼制度便破土而出了。

The five-etiquette system established in Western Jin Dynasty was the one which adapted to the unified dynasty.The specific name about these five etiquette may have some relationship with the five elements of Yin and Yang.The concept of five-etiquette system formed during the late warring states period at latest.The first emperor of Qin established a unified feudal dynasty,who had outstanding contribution on establishing etiquette system.The system of etiquette of later generations followed the line created by the Qin Dynasty and developed forward.Confucianism was revived in the early Han Dynasty and the study about etiquette had experienced four obvious turns.The one is that the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished the coercive order which forbade private collections about books,he set the policy to venerated Confucianism and scriptures written before the first emperor of Qin burned books and Confucian classics had appeared.All these made traditional study of etiquette which attached more importance to the moral turned to both morality and politics.Second,during the period of new regime by Wang Mang,Liu Xin made use of those more ancient texts to help Wang Mang’s usurpation of the Han Dynasty.Through which,the scriptures written before Qin had been established as orthodox learning.Then,the new etiquette system based on the "national level" began to formulate comprehensively.The third,Zheng Xuan combined the theory of the studies based on the texts before Qin Dynasty and after which as a whole,which established a new etiquette situation placed more value on politics.The forth,Wang Su criticized Zheng Xuan and he founded another academic faction,which promoted the further development of the study of etiquette.The formation of five-etiquette system needed three prerequisites,which were imperial will,the foundation of the development of academic and the political situation at home and abroad,anyone of the three was indispensable.Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty put an end to the division,created a unified dynasty after a long time of war and division,he himself had the will to create a new system of etiquette,at the same time,the theory by Zheng Xuan and Wang Su had tended to be mature.Therefore,the five-etiquette system adapted to the unified feudal dynasty broke through the soil and finally formed.