论国家主权豁免与我国民事诉讼管辖制度的衔接

The Connection between State Sovereign Immunity and China's Civil Procedure Jurisdictional System

在全面推进依法治国和"一带一路"建设过程中,必然会面临国家主权豁免案件。我国应摒弃既往实践中"从未处理"的做法,转而通过法院裁判的方式对国家主权豁免案件进行审查;在他国法院涉及我国主权豁免的案件中,我国也应通过参与诉讼的方式主张豁免,而不应单纯地依赖外交途径。在理论上,国家主权豁免是与主权派生出的司法裁判权相联系的制度,但是,在实践中,其通常与国际私法或涉外民事诉讼制度相结合,直接涉及国际民事裁判管辖权。因此,在具体程序方面,国家主权豁免的审查可以与我国《民事诉讼法》中的管辖制度相结合。由于司法活动的中立性和被动性,法院首先应当实行被动审查模式,国家主权豁免可作为管辖异议的理由被提出。不过,因为外国国家的特殊地位,法院也应当依职权采取主动审查模式。两种审查模式的分界时点应设在答辩期间届满,以便更好地与"应诉管辖"、"缺席判决"等制度衔接。

In the process of comprehensively promoting the rule of law and the construction of"the Belt and Road",it is unavoidable to face the cases concerning the principle of state sovereign immunity.China should give up the way of"never dealing with"in the past practices,and turn to the way of examining the cases concerning state sovereign immunity through the judgement of the courts.And in cases involving China itself in the courts of other states,it should claim immunity mainly through participating in the proceedings,instead of solely relying on diplomatic methods.In theory,the state sovereign immunity is an institution relating to the"Jurisdiction"derived from the sovereignty,but in practice,it is often combined with the rules of private international law or foreign-related civil procedure law,which directly concerns"International Jurisdictional Competence".Therefore,in terms of specific procedures,the examination of state sovereign immunity may be combined with the jurisdictional system in China’s Civil Procedure Law.Due to the neutrality and passivity of judicial activities,the court should at first adopt the mode of passive examination,and state sovereign immunity may be raised as the excuse for objection to jurisdiction.However,owing to the special status of foreign states,the court should also adopt the mode of initiative examination based on its powers and functions.The division point of the two examination modes should be set at the expiration date of the period for submitting a statement of defense,in order to better connect with the rules such as"responding jurisdiction","default judgment"and so on.