开放进程中的中国农产品贸易:发展历程、问题挑战与政策选择

China’s Agricultural Trade in Economic Opening-up:Development,Challenges and Future Policy Alternatives

改革开放40年来,中国农业对外开放程度不断提高,与世界市场的融合程度显著增强。农产品贸易在调剂余缺、保障供给、发挥比较优势、优化国内资源配置等方面发挥了重要的作用,且功能仍在逐步增强。与此同时,过去40年来我国农产品贸易格局发生了巨大的变化,中国成为了全球最重要的农产品贸易大国,农产品贸易的品种结构持续优化,贸易伙伴日益多元化,贸易逆差日趋常态化,大宗农产品呈现全面净进口的格局。中国农产品贸易格局的变化主要受到国内外贸易环境、本国农产品供求形势及农业生产成本和汇率变化等因素变动的影响。同时,现阶段我国传统优势农产品竞争力下滑、大宗农产品大量进口已经对国家粮食安全、国内农业生产、农业产业安全带来了严峻的挑战,对农业就业和农民收入形成了较大的压力,对如何适应国际规则、应对国际争端压力也提出了新的要求。选择更加合理的进出口贸易策略,制定更为有效的农业国内支持与贸易政策,更好地利用"两个市场、两种资源",在今后中国农业更加全面深入地融入世界经济大格局的发展趋势下显得尤为重要。

China’s agriculture sector has been continuously opening-up to the world market ever since the reform in late 1970s. Agricultural trade plays an important role in regulating surplus and deficiency,ensuring domestic food supply,revealing comparative advantages and optimizing domestic resource allocation. Meanwhile,China’s agricultural trade pattern has also undergone tremendous changes in product varieties and trading partners. China is currently a big net importer of major agricultural products,with growing trade deficit. Such changes have been driven by many factors,including external trade environment,domestic food supply and demand situation,agricultural production costs rise,and RMB exchange rate variations. Development in agricultural trade has brought challenges in many aspects,including food security,agricultural employment and farmers’ income,as well as pressure of international trade disputes. In the future,trade policies are anticipated to more effectively facilitate utilization of production resources both at home and abroad,and be adaptive to international rules and global settings.