释“文无害”——兼论经术对律令的渗透

Interpretation of “Wen Wu Hai” in the Qin and Han Dynasties——Also on penetration of Confucian classics in law documents

"文无害"多见于秦汉文献及简牍中,是对文吏之"行能"两方面的要求。"文"与"无害"实为二事,"文"指代文吏阶层所应具备的文法律令知识、文书制作与处理等行政技能;"无害"则指文吏之道德、品行,要求文吏秉承上意、严格按照律令规定办事,"无所枉害"。就秦汉仕进而言,"文无害"在某种程度上颇具择吏标准的意味,而"无害"亦有评定文吏之才能"无比"的含义。"文无害"的内涵由最初重视"才能"向强调"德行"迁转。这是以武帝时为"分水岭",以光武"吏化"儒生所促成的"儒吏"角色的产生为关键节点。

"Wen Wu Hai"is about the "talent"and "moral"requirements of the officials. "Wen"refers to the legal knowledge and administrative skills while "Wu Hai"means that the officials need to act in strict accordance with the law with moral behaviors. In the Qin and Han Dynasties,"Wen Wu Hai"could be seen as standard of selecting officials to some extent,and "Wu Hai"also suggests better talents than anyone else. The transformation of emphasis from"Wen"( talent) to"Wu Hai"( moral character) which begins from the period of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty and is finished in the period of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty facilitate the formation of Confucian scholar officials.