延迟退休年龄对中国人力资本的影响

Adjustment on Retirement Age and Changes of Human Capital in China,2015 to 2050

退休年龄是否应该延迟以及如何延迟是目前社会普遍关注的政策议题。文章考察9种不同退休年龄延迟方案下中国劳动力市场从2015～2050年的变化,关注人力资本的规模和质量,并特别关注"高人力资本劳动力"(有高中及以上学历并且身体健康的劳动年龄人口),系统研究延迟退休年龄将如何影响中国人力资本。预测结果显示,相比保持目前退休年龄不变的基准方案,不同退休年龄延迟方案在人力资本方面有着不同效果,所增加的劳动力其范围大约在年均2800万人至9200万人之间。另外,由于20世纪90年代末以来的高等教育扩张,延迟退休年龄所增加劳动力的教育水平将普遍较高,这一点在女性群体中表现得更为显著。

As China continues to age rapidly, whether the country should adjust the official retirement age, and if so, when and how, are currently major policy concerns. We examine the impact of postponing the retirement age on the human capital of China in the next four decades. Two critical aspects of human capital-health and education-are incorporated to account for the quality of the work force. Our projections reveal the impact of nine scenarios on the Chinese labor force in the next few decades, highlighting the changes in "the high human capital workforce"-those with good health and education. We show substantial impact with added work force ranging from 28 to 92 million per year depending on which scenarios are implemented. Furthermore, the retained workers are increasingly better educated. The gain in female workers is particularly significant, reaping the benefits of the education expansion since the 1990 s.